1. Why European Exploration?
Consolidation of nations led to desire to push outward
New technological developments
God, Gold, Glory
Cannons are invented, make it easier to attack and conquer
Cannons were mounted on ships
Caravel ship – more cargo, easier to maneuver. Can also put cannons on it.
Magnetic compass – determine direction
Astrolabe – used to determine location/latitude
Can also relate it to curiosity about the universe that people had in Renaissance society.

2. Who started it? Portugal Henry the Navigator 1394-1460
Bartholomew Diaz
Magellan
Portugal is in a good geographic position to explore Africa. Portuguese objectives to Christianize, find gold, and an overseas route to India.
The Spanish will pick up these goals too.
Henry the Navigator sent annual expeditions to Africa. Portuguese gradually established trading posts along the coast and penetrated inland. This is the “golden age” of Portugal and virtually the only time we will hear about them in the course (which doesn’t mean they are not important…simply this is the height of Portuguese power).
1487 Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope
Set up trading posts in India
Magellan circumnavigates the world – sailing for Spain (makes Portugal mad)

3. Employed by Ferdinand and Isabella
Has become a controversial figure
4 voyages
Brought on the Golden Century of Spain (1500s)

4. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony
Explorers
Conquistadores
The Spanish brought in lots of wealth from the Americas, mostly in precious metals
This brought on their Golden Age and many say their downfall:
Overpopulation created an economic crisis. In addition Spain had expelled some of its best farmers and merchants, so they were not equipped to deal with the crisis. The wealth from the New World caused inflation. Spain was headed for a crash (more on that later).
Official European Colony
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

5. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Migration of people led to an exchange of flora and fauna, plants and disease.
SMALLPOX kills millions of Native Americans: for example smallpox killed 24 out of 15 million.
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

6. Treasures from the Americas

7. European Empires in the Americas

8. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

9. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

10. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

11. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

12. New Colonial Rivals

13. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. Slave trade

14. Impact of European Expansion

15. 5. New Patterns of World Trade