Plants

Plant Characteristics What are the characteristics of a plant? Eukaryotic cells (cells have a nucleus) Multicellular Have cell wall made of cellulose (sugar) Autotrophic (get food from photosynthesis) Reproduce sexually or asexually

Vascular v. Non-vascular Plants What are 2 main groups of plants? What are the traits of non-vascular plants? Non-vascular Vascular They do NOT have special tissues that carry water or nutrients through the plant They are very small Use osmosis to take in water Live in shady moist places

Plant Tissues What are traits of vascular plants What is xylem? Contains special tissues called xylem and phloem that carry water and nutrients They are large plants Some have flowers (angiosperms), some don’t (gymnosperms) Hollow tubes that carry water up from the roots to the leaves

Plant Tissues What is phloem? Hollow tubes that carry sugar down from the leaves to the roots

Plant Parts What are the main parts of a plant? What are the functions of the roots? Roots Stems Leaves Absorb water and nutrients for the plants Hold the plant to the ground Store extra food for the plant. Plant food is starch (a polysaccharide)

Plant Parts What are the functions of stem? What are the functions of the leaves? Supports the plant Carries nutrients, glucose, and water Gets leaves closer to the sun PHOTOSYNTHESIS!! Transpiration Gas exchange

Plant Parts What is photosynthesis? What is transpiration? What are stomates (stomata)? A process that uses sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose It occurs in the chloroplasts (plant cells only) The loss of water and CO2 through the stomates (stomata) of a leaf Openings on the underside of a leaf that allow CO2, H2O and O2 to enter and leave the leaf

stomate Guard cell

Plant Parts What is involved in gas exchange? Movement of CO2, H2O and O2 into and out of a leaf Occurs through stomata (stomates) The transport that moves Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide is Diffusion. The transport moving water is Osmosis and Capillary Action

Transport of Water Osmosis Passive Transport-requires no energy. Moves with the concentration gradient (high to low) Plants prefer Hypotonic Water is stored in the central vacuole Capillary Action Helps move water through the Xylem and out the stomata It is the water molecules will be attracted to each other and the walls of the tube causing the level to rise.

Plant Parts What are the parts of a leaf? Cuticle-waxy covering on the top of the leaf that helps it retain water Epidermis-the skin of the leaf; blocks pathogens (disease causing stuff) Mesophyll-cells where photosynthesis occurs Vascular tissue-xylem and phloem

Plant Reproduction What are the parts and functions of a flower The function: attract pollinators, produce pollen (sperm), and ovules (eggs) Male parts (stamen) Pollen; the part of flower that contains sperm cells Anther; the part of the stamen that makes pollen Filament; a long stalk that hold up the anther

Boy parts anthers filament stamen

anther filament More boy parts

Plant Reproduction Female parts (pistil) Stigma; the sticky tip of the pistil where the pollen attaches Style; the long tube connecting the stigma to the ovary; sperm travel down this tube Ovary; the swollen part at the bottom of the pistil that contains the ovules Ovules; eggs What are the parts and functions of a flower?

stigma style Pistil Girl parts anthers

Ovary ovary ovules

Plant Reproduction What are the parts and functions of a flower? Accessory parts (not male or female) Petals; usually brightly colored; attract insects for pollination Sepal; usually green; protects the flower while it’s developing Receptacle; bottom of the flower that holds all the parts together

receptacle sepals

Plant Reproduction Pollination Fertilization The transfer of sperm from the anther to the stigma The uniting of sperm and egg

Plant Responses How do plants respond to the environment? What are auxins? Hormones control Patterns of growth Responses to environment Plant hormones that control Phototropism Gravitropism Branching

Tropisms (turning) What is phototropism? The tendency of a plant to bend toward a light source

Tropisms (turning) What is gravitropism? The response of a plant to the force of gravity Stems grow up Roots grow down

Tropisms (turning) What is thigmotropism The response of a plant to touch Vines curl around a trellis Sensitive plant closes its leaves when touched Venus fly trap