2. Chapter 10/11 PLANT REPRODUCTION P. 272

3. Growing Seasons: 1) annual -lives one growing season. ex. petunia ex. marigold

4. 2) Biennials - lives two growing seasons. Ex. Carrot (it reproduces in the second year) - most herbaceous stem plants are annuals or biennials.

5. 3) Perennials - live year after year. Ex. Maple tree, grass. - usually woody stem plants.

6. - each year the stem grows wider and forms the annual growth ring. - created by the cambium.

7. ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION Flower Anatomy (p. 285) 1. Stamen - the male part of the flower. Anther - contains pollen grains. Filament - thread- like structure that holds up the anther.

8. STAMEN - can you identify which is the anther and the filament?

9. 2) Pistil - the female part of the flower. Stigma - covered with a sticky substance to capture pollen. Style - the thin ‘neck’ to support the stigma. Ovary - holds the ovules which turn into seeds after fertilization.

10. Which is the pistil? Which is the stamen?

11. Sepals -leaves which protect the developing petals. Petals -protect the stamen and pistil. -often colorful and have an odor to attract insects for pollination.

14. Perfect Flowers - have both male and female parts.

16. Imperfect Flowers not both. -has a pistil or a stamen - not both. -needs another plant for pollination. Ex. cottonwood tree

17. ASSIGNMENT: Worksheet “Seed Reproduction”

18. Pollination - the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Cross-pollination - pollen from a anther to a different plant’s stigma - by wind, insects.

19. Self-pollination - when the stigma receives pollen from the anther of the same flower. - must be a perfect flower

21. More Pollinators

22. Fertilization -occurs after pollination. -a pollen tube grows thru the style. -The pollen (a male sperm cell) then fertilizes the ovule which turns into a seed.

23. Pollen tube example: Corn “silk”

24. Fertilization

25. After pollination, the petals will fall off. Why? Pollination has been completed. The petals are no longer needed.

26. After fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit. - it holds and protects the seeds.

27. Types of Fruit 1) Fleshy Ex. orange, tomato, cherry.

28. 2) Dry Ex. Beans, corn, peas, walnuts.

29. Seed Anatomy Embryo Seed Coat Cotyledon

30. ASSIGNMENT: WORKSHEET “FLOWER ANATOMY”

31. Seed Dissemination - how seeds can be spread. (p. 289) 1) Carried by wind - “winged” fruit Ex. dandelions, cottonwood

32. 2) Carried by animals Ex. Cockle burrs caught in fur.

33. 3) Eaten by animals - excreted with the waste.

34. PLANT PROCESSES GAS EXCHANGE - occurs in the leaf’s stomates. - CO 2 enters thru the stomate. - O 2 exits thru the stomate. - necessary for photosynthesis.

35. Water vapor also escapes through the stomates. transpiration - called transpiration.

36. More transpiration….

37. PHOTOSYNTHESIS -the process of turning light energy into food. -the needed chemical is chlorophyll. - it traps sunlight.

38. - it also needs CO 2 and H 2 O to make food and oxygen.

39. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water. chlorophyll One molecule of glucose and 6 molecules of oxygen. C 6 H 12 O 6 = glucose - a sugar which is used as energy or stored in roots and stems.

40. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 chlorophyll The oxygen is mostly released as a waste. - some is used to break down food. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts located in the palisade layer of the leaf.

41. Importance of Photosynthesis 1. Provides food for almost all of the consumers on Earth.

42. 2. Provides oxygen (90%) for organisms and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

43. RESPIRATION -the process used to break down food into energy. -it also occurs in plants. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy - it occurs in the cell’s mitochondria. - respiration’s energy is used to build and repair cells and tissues.

44. Photosynthesis’ and respiration’s raw materials are “linked together”:

45. Worksheet “Photosynthesis and Respiration”

46. PLANT RESPONSES - the response of a plant to a stimulus is a tropism. p.312 1) Thigmotropism - when touched, a plant ‘closes’ its leaves. (p. 311) Ex. Venus Flytrap

48. ASSIGNMMENT: WORKSHEET: “PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION” QUESTIONS P. 296 8,13,17 P. 322 11,13,14,17

49. 2) Phototropism - the plant grows towards light.

50. 3) Geotropism or Gravitropism - the plant roots grow downward… - stems grow upward. - in response to gravity.

51. Tropisms are controlled by plant hormones called auxins. Ex. for phototropism, the auxins move to the ‘shady’ side of the stem. - the auxins create more growth on that side causing the stem to bend into the light.

52. Photoperiodism -a flowering response to the changes in the amount of daylight. -plants need a certain amount of darkness to flower.

53. Long-day Plants - need short nights to flower. Ex. zinnias, potatoes

54. Day-neutral Plants - can flower over a wide range of night lengths. Ex. marigolds, corn.

55. Short-day Plants - need long nights to flower. Ex. poinsettia

56. Photoperiodism ensures there are lots of pollinators when the plant flowers - less ‘competition’.

57. ASSIGNMENT: WORKSHEET “PLANT PROCESSES”

58. Seed Germination (p. 290) -when a seed sprouts. -conditions must be right -moisture/warm temps. - if not, the seed remains ‘dormant’ waiting for good conditions.

59. The plant uses the food stored in the cotyledon until photosynthesis can begin. (p. 291).

60. Asexual Reproduction A) Natural - some plants produce “runners”. - where it touches the ground, a new plant is formed. Ex. strawberry - only one parent necessary.

61. B) Grafting - attaching part of one plant to another.

62. Grafting is commonly done with trees - taking the best traits and combining them together. Ex. orange tree Very hardy Sour fruit Weak - intolerant Sweet fruit

63. C) Water propagation

64. ASSIGNMENT: WORKSHEET “CHAPTER REVIEW”