The Renaissance, Reformation & Scientific Revolution

I. The Italian Renaissance A. Characteristics: 1. Humanism: a. Emphasize secular rather than religious. b. Emphasis on individuals & human achievement 2. Period of stability & creativity 3. Increased study of Greek & Roman Culture

B. Economic Foundations 1. Increased Trade a. B/c of the Crusades, Europe became familiar with & wanted goods from Muslim lands

2. Banking a. Increased trade = need for banks = banking system grow (Medici family) b. Medici, wealthy banking family that funded great artists. Lorenzo di Medici – Il Magnifico c. Letters of credit (loans) expand the $ supply and increase trade d. Rise of capitalism = need laborers = serfs leave the feudal system & it eventually disappears.

C. Italian Renaissance (began there) Florence, Venice & Genoa: 1.LOCATION: Had access to seas connecting Europe & Middle East = flourishing trade a.Became trading centers for northern Europe b.Were initially independent city-states governed as republics.

D. Literature & the Arts 1. Machiavelli’s The Prince a. Main Ideas: i. Treatise about gov’t which advocated absolute power of the ruler. ii. Idea that the end justifies the means iii. One should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary 2. Michelangelo: Sculptor, Engineer, Painter, Architect & Poet a. Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling b. The Statue of David: Statue recalls the harmony & grace of Ancient Greek tradition

The Last Supper

Statue of David

3. Leonardo DaVinci a. Dissected bodies to see how bones & muscles work b. Sketched planes & boats before they were invented c. Famous artwork: i. Mona Lisa: woman with a mysterious smile ii. The Last Supper 4. d. new art form: perspective, like 3-D.

Vitruvian Man

COMPARE: CONTINUTIY & CHANGE Medieval art & literate focused on the Church & Salvation; Renaissance art & literature focused on individuals & worldly matters, along with Christianity

II. The Northern Renaissance v. Italian Renaissance A. Northern Renaissance Characteristics 1. There was more wealth in the north to support the Renaissance ideas $$$$ 2. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity 3. The movable printing press made by Johann Gutenberg & the production of books helped spread ideas EXAMPLE: The Gutenberg Bible

B. Writers 1. Petrarch: wrote sonnets; was a leading humanist 2. William Shakespeare: Wrote Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet 3. Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly (1511) 4. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516)

C. Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious & secular objects. 1.Albrecht Durer: The “German Leonardo” a. Studied the techniques of Italian master b. Painted, engraved, printed, and wrote essays 2.Pieter Brueghel a. Used vibrant colors to portray peasant life b. Influenced other artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes.

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The changes in art during the Renaissance correlate closely with the changes in ideas about life. People became curious about science & mathematics after centuries of blindly accepting the views of the Church. People began to focus more on life on earth rather than the afterlife. The Renaissance was one of the few eras in history that was named by the people who were alive during the time. People called it The Renaissance even while it was happening! Art played a big part of this rebirth of classical times.

III. The Reformation (early 1500s) For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought & action. The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political & economic institutions.For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought & action. The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political & economic institutions.

A. Protestant Beginnings: Lutherans & Calvinists 1. Reasons: a. Church wealth & corruption i. selling indulgences ii. wealthy lifestyle of the clergy b. Desire for princes (especially German) to increase power by breaking with Rome

2. People a. Martin Luther: i. German monk who wrote 95 theses in which he identified church problems & solutions = birth of Protestant Church ii. views: - “faith alone” saves - Bible is the ONLY source of authority, not Pope - All humans are = before god.

b. John Calvin i. predestination ii. model community of discipline & hard work in Geneva, Switzerland (theocracy) The Reformation had its roots in theology, but it led to important economic & political changes. Religious differences & hatreds caused wars & destruction.

3. Support for Reformation a. German princes & other rulers welcomed the break from the Roman welcomed the break from the Roman Catholic Church (decrease pope’s Catholic Church (decrease pope’s political power) political power) b. Peasant revolt: hoped to promoted social/economic change

4. Conflict a. Conflict between Protestants & Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g. Thirty Years’ War) i. End with the Peace at Augsburg in which German Princes are allowed to determine if their state will be Catholic or Protestant ii. Catholic monarchy in France granted Protestant Huegnots freedom of worship in the Edict of Nantes, but later revoked it.

B. The English Reformation = The Anglican Church or Church of England 1. People & Events a. Henry VIII a. Henry VIII i. broke from the Catholic Church when the Pope refused to grant him when the Pope refused to grant him annulment annulment ii. Formed Anglican Church with himself as the leader. “Supremacy Act” himself as the leader. “Supremacy Act” iii. seized church land for the throne (HUGE)

b. Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII) i. attempt to make Catholicism official c. Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII i. firmly established England as a Protestant nation, but retained some Catholic traditions

Catholic Reformation IV. Catholic Reformation A.reaction to the Protestant Reformation and loss of land, power, money, and followers. B.M B.Mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority ociety of Jesus (Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. C.Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.