1. Renaissance

3. Economic Impacts of the Crusades
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Increased the amount of European goods to send to the Middle East to trade with

4. Important Economic Concepts: Usury
Church rule against usury
Usury, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans intended to unfairly enrich the lender
First banks start in Italy in the 1157, helped to secularize northern Italy.

5. Important Economic Concepts: Letters of Credit
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade.
Letter of Credit: document issued by a bank that guarantees that a seller will be paid by the bank of the buyer

6. Important Economic Concepts: New Accounting Practices
New accounting and bookkeeping practices were introduced.
Double entry
Transaction Journals
use of Arabic numerals

7. Italy Florence, Venice, and Genoa
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
Were initially independent city-states governed as republics

8. Trade & Commerce Changed Town Life
Trade & Commerce: The Foundations of Town Life
Towns were the centers of trade and shipping
Luxury goods were brought into towns
Guilds (organizations of people in the same profession) dominated town life

9. Trade & Commerce Changed Town Life
Town Life During the Middle Ages
Towns were small because the economy was based on farming and most people lived in rural areas
Nobles held most of the power
Lords owned the land where towns were located
Towns need the protection of the knights who worked for the lords
Your social status was determined at birth

10. Trade & Commerce Changed Town Life
Town Life During the Renaissance
Towns grew because society began to be based on trade and more people needed to live in cities to participate
Middle class had most of the power
Gained control of lots of money through trade and banking
Social status was determined by your wealth and ability

11. How did Florence become the most influential city-state?
Wool & silk industry
Purchased luxury items from the East and sold them for a lot of money
Had lots of banks that made loans and exchanged money
Medici banking family promoted trade, art, scholarship

12. Why Were the Italian City States So Powerful?
Strong ties with Turkish and Muslim merchants
Each city-state specialized in a different trade
European monarchs and nobles got loans from Italian banks

13. What was the Renaissance and why did it begin in Italy?
Renaissance means “rebirth”, revival in art and learning during this time
Period when scholars became interested in Greek and Roman culture
Italian city-states used their wealth to commission work of art with classical themes

14. The Spirit of the Renaissance
Why People Became Interested in Ancient Culture
Knowledge of Ancient Greece and Rome was rediscovered by scholars
The Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world around them
Scholars thought ancient Greek and Roman writings would help solve problems

15. A Fascination With Classical Cultures
Artists used ancient art as model
Roman ideal of the perfect body
Architects studied Roman building ruins

16. Belief in Human Potential
Believed that each person could achieve great things
Claimed that people educated in the classics could create a better world
Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather than in the afterlife

17. A New Type of Scholar Called a Humanist
Humanists devoted themselves to studying ancient writings
They tried to learn about many subjects such as Latin, Greek, history, and math
Petrarch, first great humanist

18. Art Activity
Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, while Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

19. Artistic and Literary Creativity
Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

20. Artistic and Literary Creativity
Michelangelo: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David

21. Artistic and Literary Creativity
Petrarch: Sonnets, humanist scholarship

22. Humanism Celebrated the individual
Stimulated the study of classical Greek and Roman literature and culture
Supported by wealthy patrons

23. Machiavelli’s The Prince
An early modern treatise on government
Supports absolute power of the ruler
Maintains that the end justifies the means
Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary

31. Northern Renaissance
Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (e.g., Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Northern Renaissance writers
Erasmus: The Praise of Folly (1511)
Sir Thomas More: Utopia (1516)
Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.