Chapter 21 Section 4 Chapter 21 Section 4

Review: Pop Culture and Heroes Pop Culture and Heroes Education Education Writers: Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway Writers: Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway Artists: Edward Hopper and Georgia O’Keefe Artists: Edward Hopper and Georgia O’Keefe What kind of writing were they doing? What kind of writing were they doing?

Section 4 Terms: Great Migration Great Migration Marcus Garvey and UNIA Marcus Garvey and UNIA James Weldon Johnson James Weldon Johnson W.E.B. Dubois and NAACP W.E.B. Dubois and NAACP Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Claude McKay Langston Hughes Langston Hughes Paul Robeson Paul Robeson Duke Ellington Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Bessie Smith

The Great Migration , African-Americans move from the South to the North , African-Americans move from the South to the North By end of the decade, over 40% of African-Americans lived in the North. By end of the decade, over 40% of African-Americans lived in the North. Northern cities had not welcomed the influx of African-Americans Northern cities had not welcomed the influx of African-Americans Tensions escalate into race riots. Tensions escalate into race riots.

Why did they move to the cities?

African-American Goals The National Association Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) urged African Americans to protest racial violence The National Association Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) urged African Americans to protest racial violence

W.E.B. DuBois Led a parade in NY to protest such violence. Led a parade in NY to protest such violence. Used The Crisis as to lead struggle for civil rights Used The Crisis as to lead struggle for civil rights

James Weldon Johnson Poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary Poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary Fought to protect African- American rights Fought to protect African- American rights

Anti-lynching laws a priority with 3 bills introduced to Congress Anti-lynching laws a priority with 3 bills introduced to Congress None passed, but the number of lynchings had dropped None passed, but the number of lynchings had dropped

A New More Militant African- American Voice The New Day The Negro slept a thousand years, While white men moved along, And so he sheds his bitter tears, As white men sing their song. Another day has just begun, For white and black alike; The white man greets it with his gun: Will Negroes ever strike?

Marcus Garvey Immigrant from Jamaica Immigrant from Jamaica Believed that African- Americans should build separate society Believed that African- Americans should build separate society

Different and more radical message of black pride Different and more radical message of black pride 1914 – founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association 1914 – founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association

Moved UNIA to NYC with offices in ghettos Moved UNIA to NYC with offices in ghettos Appealed to followers in many ways methods (parades, oratory, etc…) Appealed to followers in many ways methods (parades, oratory, etc…)

How did Garvey gain Followers? Offices in ghettos Offices in ghettos Parades, oratories, and messages of pride Parades, oratories, and messages of pride Programs that supported African- American businesses Programs that supported African- American businesses Encouraged followers to return to Africa, and native people get rid of white oppressors, and build a nation Encouraged followers to return to Africa, and native people get rid of white oppressors, and build a nation

Decline of Garvey’s Support Plan of going to Africa struck chord in African-American community Plan of going to Africa struck chord in African-American community He was convicted of mail fraud and jailed. He was convicted of mail fraud and jailed.

Marcus Garvey’s Legacy Newly awakened black pride Newly awakened black pride Economic independence Economic independence Reverence for Africa Reverence for Africa

Harlem Many of the African-Americans moved into a neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York’s Manhattan Island known has Harlem. Many of the African-Americans moved into a neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York’s Manhattan Island known has Harlem. Became the world’s largest black urban community. Became the world’s largest black urban community.

A Typical Urban Neighborhood with some Flair Suffered overcrowding, unemployment, and poverty Suffered overcrowding, unemployment, and poverty Problems eclipsed by flowering of creativity called the Harlem Renaissance Problems eclipsed by flowering of creativity called the Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture Led by well-educated, middle- class African-Americans who expressed a new pride in their heritage Led by well-educated, middle- class African-Americans who expressed a new pride in their heritage Wrote about trials of being black in a white world Wrote about trials of being black in a white world

Claude McKay Novelist, poet, Jamaican Novelist, poet, Jamaican Militant writings urged A.A.’s to resist prejudice & discrimination Militant writings urged A.A.’s to resist prejudice & discrimination Expressed pain of black ghettos & strain of being in white world Expressed pain of black ghettos & strain of being in white world

Jean Toomer First to to have a full-length literary publication First to to have a full-length literary publication Cane Cane

Langston Hughes Described difficult lives of working-class African- Americans Described difficult lives of working-class African- Americans Poems moved to the tempo of jazz Poems moved to the tempo of jazz

Zora Neale Hurston She portrayed the lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks She portrayed the lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks She celebrated what she called the common person’s art form She celebrated what she called the common person’s art form

Alain Locke Harvard educated and former Rhodes Scholar Harvard educated and former Rhodes Scholar Published The New Negro Published The New Negro

Shuffle Along Black musical comedy that spotlighted the talent of many African Americans Black musical comedy that spotlighted the talent of many African Americans

Paul Robeson Son of a one- time slave Son of a one- time slave Major dramatic actor Major dramatic actor Performance in Othello widely acclaimed Performance in Othello widely acclaimed

Louis Armstrong Trumpet player in Creole Jazz band who went to Chicago Trumpet player in Creole Jazz band who went to Chicago Made personal expression a key part of jazz Made personal expression a key part of jazz

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington Jazz pianist and composer Jazz pianist and composer Led his 10-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club Led his 10-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club His fame renowned to this day. His fame renowned to this day.

Bessie Smith Blues singer Blues singer Became the highest paid black artist in the world in 1927 Became the highest paid black artist in the world in 1927

Josephine Baker Some African American artists very popular in Europe. Some African American artists very popular in Europe. She sang, danced, & performed comedy shows in Europe. She sang, danced, & performed comedy shows in Europe.

Review: Chapter 20 Chapter 20 –Red Scare –Quota System –Strikes –Harding –New things & Superficial Prosperity Chapter 21 Chapter 21 –Prohibition –Women –Popular Culture –Harlem Renaissance

Essay Topics: Women of the 1920’s. Women of the 1920’s. Technological Advancements Technological Advancements The Bolshevik Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution Prohibition Prohibition The most influential people of the decade The most influential people of the decade