Unit 2 Chapter 11: The Romans Standard MWH 2.1 Evaluate the consequences of the changing boundaries of kingdoms in Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa

Why would the authors begin and end the chapter with the story about Paul of Tarsus? What are they trying to say about the lasting influence of Rome?

Etruscans and Rome’s beginnings Likely migrated from Anatolia Po River – Naples Bronze, iron, gold, silver Monarchy Founded Rome

Location, Location, Location! Even when Etruscan influence faded Rome stayed strong, why?

Rise of the Roman republic 2 consuls elected by hereditary aristocrats Senators were aristocrats Plebians threatened secession Won the right to elect tribunes (2-10) w/veto power Continued to win more rights as the centuries waned Struggle of the Orders

The early republic Read: Cincinnatus Saves Rome Discuss: What did Livy indicate that Romans valued? Characteristics that made Rome successful Diplomacy Military Strategy Politically savvy

Twelve Tables 12 tables – applied only to roman citizens Law of Nations – codified body of law similar to natural or universal law, based on reason Applied to non-Roman citizens What other examples of codified law have you studied? How does this compare?

The Punic Wars 1st war started over Sicily Rome won 2nd war Hannibal crossed the alps – taking terrible losses Rome lost 40,000 + men Philip V of Macedonia had joined in losing what was left of the Selucid kingdom Eventually Rome raised another army any won

Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus Wanted to give something to the little man (land reform) T. & later G. both killed by the senate This opened the door to more instability and angst among the poor

Spartacus” 109-71 BCE Slave revolts were common 73 BCE the most famous led by Spartacus 6000 slaves crucified along the road by Pompey

A new kind of fighting force 107 BC Marius started to recruit based on personal not state oath How would this one detail change the way the army worked? The way generals behaved politically? The way power passed down from one generation to the next?

Cicero (primary source document): linking Greek Philosophy w/Roman ways of life Marcus: Let us, then, once more examine, before we come to the consideration of particular laws, what is the power and nature of law in general; lest, when we come to refer everything to it, we occasionally make mistakes from the employment of incorrect language, and show ourselves ignorant of the force of those terms which we ought to employ in the definition of laws. Quintus: This is a very necessary caution, and the proper method of seeking truth. Marcus: This, then, as it appears to me, has been the decision of the wisest philosophers---that law was neither a thing to be contrived by the genius of man, nor established by any decree of the people, but a certain eternal principle, which governs the entire universe, wisely commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wrong. Therefore, they called that aboriginal and supreme law the mind of God, enjoining or forbidding each separate thing in accordance with reason. On which account it is that this law, which the gods have bestowed upon the human race, is so justly applauded. For it is the reason and mind of a wise Being equally able to urge us to good or to deter us from evil.

1st Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey Secret alliance Cemented by the marriage of Julia to Pompey Crassus got military glory and wealth

Working with a partner, discuss, debate, and compare the ascension and fall of Sulla to that of Julius Caesar. 1) Write down 3 similarities and 3 differences. 2) Explain which leader was better for Rome in the long run and why.

Why was Julius Caesar killed?

Augustus Beat Mark Antony & Cleopatra bringing unimaginable wealth to Rome Monarchy disguised as republic Stabilized through spending Pax Romana

Ovid Ranked w/Virgil & Homer among the greatest poets

Roman Roads – key to the empire

Smart Search (use your technology) What clothing did Patricians wear? What about Plebians? Where did the Patrician cloth come from and how did it get to Rome? How did cloth help to symbolize one’s status in ancient Rome? What did Patricians eat? What about Plebians? What other cultural differences existed in Roman society?

Constants create a civilization Communication networks Transportation networks Law

Trade on a grander scale than even the Greeks.

Father of the Family Marriage Work Freedom Circumvented by loopholes Complete freedom over slaves (1/3 of all people)

Roman Religion What differentiated Christianity from other Roman religions? How did other developments in Roman society make Christianity an attractive alternative to other religions? Paganism Stoicism Cult of Mithras (soldiers) Judaism Christianity Essenes

Mt. Vesuvis erupts 79 CE Pompeii was buried under 15-20 feet of ash

What was it about imperial rule that most galled the Jewish people of Palestine? Abomination of desolation 168 BCE Selucid ruler Antiochus Yahweh worship

Growth of Christianity Used Roman roads and waterways to spread Initially persecuted, later embraced Appealed to lower classes, urban populations, and women

Recreation = a long reign Chariot races, gladatorial contests – designed to distract Subsidies of grain for the poor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9U