: The World at War
Different Names “The War to End All Wars” “The Great War” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” “World War I” (given this only after World War II)
The M.A.I.N. Long-Term Causes of the War
1. Militarism & Arms Race Militarism-- the glorification of armed strength and the build up of military force Naval Arms Race between Germany & Britain
1. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%
2. Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance Triple Entente: France, Britain, and Russia Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy Alliance: Agreement between nations to aid and protect one another
Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]
Europe in 1914
3. Imperial Rivalries
4. Nationalism Pride in or devotion to one’s nation
French Nationalism France wanted revenge for its humiliating defeat in Franco-Prussian War of Also wanted to regain Alsace-Lorraine, which it had lost in that war.
Nationalism in Austria-Hungary All the ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary wanted their own independent nations
Pan-Slavism: Slavic Nationalism A movement among Slavic peoples that promoted the unity of all Slavic peoples
The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe
The “Spark” (The Immediate Cause)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination of the Archduke : Sarajevo
The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip
Who’s To Blame?
A Chain Reaction Leads to War
1. Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914
2. Germany supports Austria-Hungary
3. Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia
4. Germany gives Russia 12 hours to demobilize & demands that France stay neutral if Russia & Germany do go to war (they refuse)
5. Germany declares war on Russia, August 1, 1914
6. Germany declares war on France, August 3, 1914 (because Germany knew they’d side with Russia and Germany’s Schlieffen Plan required that Germany fight France first)
7. Germans cross neutral Belgium to attack France, August 4, 1914
8. Britain declares war on Germany, August 4, 1914
9. Japan enters war on the side of Great Britain & France, August 23, 1914
10. Ottoman Empire enters war on side of Austria-Hungary, October 28, 1914
11. Italy, who did not honor its treaty with Germany & Austria- Hungary, joins the Allies, May 1915
12. Bulgaria joins the Central Powers, October 1915
13. Greece & Romania join the Allies, 1916
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central Powers Austro-HungariansAustro-Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun