Diagnostic Procedures & Diseases

 History & Physical Checking for symptoms of disease Chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), awareness of heartbeat (palpitation), fatigue, dizziness or loss of consciousness, edema, pain in legs when walking

 Electrocardiogram Tracing of the electrical activity of the heart

 Phonocardiogram EKG with heart sounds

 Echocardiogram Ultrasound that measures size and movement of the heart structures

 Transesophageal Echocardiogram

 The difference between ECG, Ecocardiogram and Stress Test ecg vs echo vs stress test

 Doppler Ultrasound Measures blood flow

 Arteriography Radiopaque dye injected and x-ray series taken of blood flow

 Cardiac Catheterization Right side of heart – catheter threaded into vein then into the vena cava then into the heart then into the pulmonary artery Left side of heart – catheter threaded into artery then into left ventricle, then into aorta then into coronary arteries X-rays taken during procedure Dye also injected

 Stent

 Myocardial biopsy

 Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries  Atherosclerosis Fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries (high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, tension)

 Hypertension 90% - no specific cause 10% - symptom of another disease (ex: kidney disease) Increases workload of the heart

 Bacterial Endocarditis: Inflammation of the internal lining of the heart Also involves the valves

 Valvular Heart Disease Abnormalities of the heart valves Especially mitral and aortic valves Heart valves are scarred Treatment – valve replacement

 Congenital Heart Disease Defects in the heart that occurred during embryonic and fetal development Defective communication between the chambers, malformation of valves, and malformation of septum

 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Left side heart failure Pumping action of heart diminished Fluid accumulates and is retained in tissues Compensations – increased heart rate, greater force of contraction, retention of fluid by kidneys, enlargement of heart.

 Cor Pulmonale Right side heart failure Hypertension in pulmonary circulation

 Peripheral Arterial Disease Decreased blood flow to peripheral vessels

 Varicose Veins Enlarged veins which can be inflamed

 Aneurysm Weak section in wall of an artery – ballooning out, possibly rupturing.

 Thrombus Blood clot that stays where it is formed

 Stroke (CVA) Brain infarct Caused by decreased oxygen supply to brain due to blood clot or hemorrhage Symptoms: trouble walking, trouble speaking, paralysis or numbness in face, arm or leg, trouble seeing, headache

 Embolus Blood clot or thombus that travels through circulatory system

 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness Symptoms: sudden collapse, no pulse, no breathing Call 911 & Start CPR!

 Heart Attack Blood clot blocks the flow of blood through coronary artery Symptoms: pressure, pain in chest, left arm, back, teeth & jaw, shortness of breath, sweating, fainting, nausea & vomiting, heartburn, clammy skin, dizzy, fatigue