S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 1 PM in Europe - State and past trends Emissions and concentration levels Steinar Larssen Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) European Topic Centre for Air Quality and Climate Change (ETC-ACC)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 2 Conclusions on PM emissions PM emission and trends data have been improved, but are still uncertain Primary PM 10 and precursor gases emissions have been reduced by 18 % and 40% since 1990, respectively. Source contributions: - differs in EU15 and AC13 Resuspension of particles from road surfaces in an important source, but poorly quantified; source strength highly dependent on weather/climatic conditions

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 3 PM 10 emissions, 2000 European emissions of primary PM 10 and PM 10 precursors, 2000 (in ktonnes) 29 countries

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 4 PM 10 emissions, 2000 Source contributions, primary PM Energy Industries Industry (Energy + Processes) Other (Energy + Non Energy) Road Transport AgricultureWaste % contribution EU15 AC13

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 5 PM emissions, 2000 Source contributions, PM precursor gases (weighted) Energy Industries Industry (Energy + Processes) Other (Energy + Non Energy) Road Transport AgricultureWaste % contribution EEA18 AC13

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 6 PM 10 emission trends Primary PM 10 Precursor gases

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 7 Conclusions on state of PM 10, 2001 Data from 928 stations (97 / 417 / 293 / 77) 750 cities and towns Methods: Beta 40% ; Gravi 20% ; TEOM 20% ; nondef 20% Limit value exceedances at 34% of the stations Limit value exceedances in cities with total 30 mill people Population exposure: Remember importance of indoor exposure Average annual concentrations Rural 20.6 µg/m 3 Urban 25.2 µg/m 3 Traffic 32.1 µg/m 3

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 8 From 89 traffic/urban station pairs: –35% higher concentration at traffic stations –Up to 90% higher Regional differences –Rural background higher in some accession countries and in NL, BE and NW DE –Urban concentrations highest in Southern/Eastern Europe? The indicative LV for 2010 was exceeded at most stations in cities and at about 50% at the rural sites. Significant uncertainty in such summary assessments due to –Representativeness of stations –Different monitoring methods

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 9 PM 10 concentrations, Europe 2001 Max. value µg/m 3 # stations > LV Annual average103 (Spain)93 of th highest day180 (Spain)242 of 718 8th highest day245 (Spain)584 of 718 Some statistics

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 10 PM Map PM 10 Rural stations Annual average Note: different methods, no corrections (also following maps)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 11 PM Map PM 10 Rural stations ”Max 36”

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 12 PM Map Urban background ”Max 36”

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 13 PM Map PM 10 Hot spot ”Max 36”

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 14 ”Population exposure” to PM 10 Population in cities according to concentration range, ”max 36”

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 15 PM Distribution of concentrations at stations Rural stations y = 1,65x y = 2,4747x annual average ug/m3 MAX8 MAX36 stage 1 stage 2 Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 16 PM Distribution of concentrations at stations Urban stations y = 1,6026x y = 2,3613x annual average ug/m3 MAX8 MAX36 stage 1 stage 2 Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 17 PM Distribution of concentrations at stations Street stations y = 1,5476x y = 2,1903x annual average ug/m3 MAX8 MAX36 stage 2 stage 1 Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 18 PM 10 for station types PM 10, Annual average mean - max ruralurbanstreet ug/m max mean

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 19 PM 10 at hot-spot stations, 2001 Data from ”station pairs” Ratio PM 10 street / PM 10 urban, Annual average Average ratio: 1.34  0.25 Also up to 50 more daily exceedances at street station

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 20 Conclusions on PM 10 past tendencies Time series are too short ( ) to conclude statistically on trend Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES) The tendency is towards lower concentrations (15-20%) but the tendency is not monotonic The upward tendency since 1999 is to a large extent guided by the tendency in the Czech Republic.

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 21 The tendency, and absolute amount of reduction, is on the average, about the same for rural, urban and hot-spot areas Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (SO 4, NO 3,....)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 22 PM 10 concentration tendencies Annual average 183 stations 36th highest day 193 stations

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 23 PM 10 trends Location of stations with >4 years with data Mainly UK, NL, BE, CH, CZ, ES

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 24 The use of correction factors for PM 10 Information extracted from the Compliance Reporting Questionnaire, for 2001 Total stations: 1098 No methods info on 353 stations

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 25 PM 10 correction factors on AirBase data Belgium:No corrections till 2001 (included) 1.37/1.47 from 2002 onwards Germany:All PM 10 data are in principle corrected PM 10 data Netherlands:1.33 for all station years Czech Republic:No correction applied United Kingdom: No correction applied France: Spain: No correction applied

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 26 PM Rural tendencies PM (”SPM”) at EMEP stations, country averages CH: PM 10 from 1997 onwards DE: PM 10 from 1999 onwards Source: EMEP-CCC

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 27 PM Rural tendencies Country averages CH: PM 10 DE: PM 10 from 1999 onwards

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 28 PM 10 Rural tendencies Secondary inorganic particles (SO 4 ) (EMEP data) Rough estimate of reduction of sulfate and nitrate particles : Source: EMEP-CCC ~ 5 µg/m 3

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 29 PM 10 Urban tendencies Urban background, 36th highest day, country averages 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100, BE(3) CH(4) CZ(29) UK(29) NL(5) PL(4) SE(2)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 30 PM 10 Street tendencies Traffic stations, 36th highest day, country averages 0,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160, BE(4) CH(2) CZ(5) DE(1) ES(17) FI(2) UK(5) NL(4) PL(1) PT(1)

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 31 Conclusions on other PM metrics Available data on PM 2.5, PM 1.0 and UFP are too scarce to draw firm conclusions The PM 2.5 / PM 10 ratio is about 0.65 (average ) The indicative PM 2.5 LV of 20 µg/m 3 (aa) was –met at all rural and most urban sites –exceeded at 15 or 23 traffic sites

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 32 PM 1.0 was reported from 15 stations in 4 countries The PM 1.0 / PM 2.5 ratio was about 0.75 Annual average PM 1.0 range: 6-21 µg/m 3 Max. 24 h concentration: 147 µg/m 3 UFP was reported from 15 stations in 5 countries High surplus burden of UFP at traffic sites

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 33 PM 2.5 Concentrations, Europe countries with data 119 station years 38 urban background 23 traffic 58 rural Methods: Gravimetry: 8 countries TEOM: 6 countries

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 34 PM 2.5 at urban and street stations 36 of 61 stations met a threshold of 20 µg/m3 in 2001

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 35 PM 2.5 Ratio 90%-ile (day) to annual average

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 36 Ratio PM 2.5 / PM 10 From PM WG questionnaire Putaud et al Average Range Std. Dev.±0.09±0.15 N72 Somewhat higher at rural than at traffic stations, reflecting resuspension at traffic stations

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 37 PM 1.0 concentrations, countries 15 station years no rural stations Range: 6-21 µg/m 3 annual average Max. daily: > 50 µg/m 3 at most stations Max. 24 h conc: 147 µg/m 3

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 38 PM ratios PM 2.5 / PM  0.09 N = 72 PM 1.0 / PM  ± 0.16 N = 15 PM 1.0 / PM  0.11 N = 15

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 39 Ultra-fine particles, UFP 2001 Number size distributions  Traffic Urban background Rural background

S Larssen: PM-PP-Stockholm-Oct-2003.ppt slide 40 UFP 2001 Total number of particles Station type Number of UFP R(B) SB U(B) T