1. Air Pollution in Europe 1990-2000
Prepared by:
S. Larssen, NILU
Martin Adams, AEAT
Kevin Barrett, NILU
Martin vh. Bolscher, TNO
Frank de Leeuw, RIVM
Tinus Pulles, TNO
Project Manager: Roel van Aalst, EEA
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 1

2. The EEA Support framework for policy development
D Drivers P Pressures S State I Impact R Response
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 2

3. EEA Core Indicators Main objectives
Suited to support the policy making process
Facilitate a consistent and stable information basis
Provide clear guidance to countries on data collection
Simplify wider international cooperation/ comparisons
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 3

4. Present EEA indicators, Air pollution
Emissions (Pressure) Acidifying: SO2, NOx, NH3 Particles and precursor gases Ozone precursors: NOx, VOC etc.
Air quality (State) Area of exceedance, critical loads: acidity and nitrogen Exceedance of limit & target values O3, PM10, NO2, SO2 ,…. Exposure of crops/ vegetation to ozone
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 4

5. Present EEA indicators, Air pollution
Econ. Sectors (Drivers)
Contribution from economic sectors
Eco-efficiency of economic sectors
Impact
Population exposure
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 5

6. How are driving forces developing?
Population in Europe increases slowly (2.5% since 1990)
Fossil fuels dominate – shift to lighter fuels
Transport, then industry, are the largest energy-consuming sector
Energy consumption for road traffic increases (18% since 1990, EU15)
Energy efficiency inproves (10% since 1990, EU15)
but consumption still increases (10% since 1990, EU15)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 6

7. Energy consumption by fuel 1990-2000, EU15
Transport sector grows
Gaseous fuels (also nuclear) replaces coal
Renewables: 5%, increasing
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 7

8. Energy consumption and efficiency increases
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 8

9. How much are emissions being reduced 1990-2000? EEA 31
Acidifying gases: - 40%
Ozone precursors: - 29%
Particulate matter: -34% (primary + precursors)
Controls: power plant: improved emission cleaning fuel switching vehicles: 3-way catalysts
Some countries are lagging behind in emission reductions (NECD requirements)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 9

10. Emission contributions from economic sectors to Air Pollution issues, 2000
EEA-18 countries
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 10

11. Emission contributions from economic sectors to Air Pollution issues, 2000
AC-13 countries
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 11

12. Sector and compound contributions
EEA-18
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 12

13. Example: Ozone precursors
EU15
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 13

14. Example: Ozone precursors
AC10
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 14

15. How is European Air Quality developing?
Health-related
In 2000: Extensive exceedance of PM10, Ozone and NO2 target/limit values for 2005/2010
Cities with totally up to 30 mill people have exceedances at monitoring stations
PM10 and NO2 have decreased over the last 4-5 years
Ozone - annual average is increasing - 26th highest daily 8-hour is stable - max 1-hour conc. are decreasing
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 15

16. Concentration tendencies towards 2000
SO2-max4:4th highest daily average SO2 concentration
PM10-max36:36th highest daily average SO2 concentration
NO2-max19:19th highest hourly average NO2 concentration
O3-max26:26th highest daily 8-hour max O3 concentration
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 16

17. Ozone, Rural background, 2000
Widespread exceedance of 2005 Target Value (short term) in Central and Southern Europe
Highest 26th 8-hour concentration: 174 µg(m3)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 17

18. Ozone, 2000 Urban background
Lower concentrations than in rural areas (most placed)
Exceedances of TV in 135 cities/towns with 18.5 mill. inhabitants
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 18

19. Ozone tendencies (1996-2000) Annual average increases slightly
”26th 8-hour” is stable
Max. 1-hour concentrations are decreasing
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 19

20. Ozone, 1-hour max at rural stations 1990-2000
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 20

21. PM10 2000 Urban background Above LV in 42 cities in 11 countries
South, Central and Eastern Europe
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 21

22. PM10 2000 Hot-spot stations Above LV in 52 cities in 13 countries
All parts of Europe
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 22

23. PM10 tendencies
About 190 stations in 6 countries with complete data set BE, CZ, NL, CH, UK, ES
Decreasing, then stable concentration level
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 23

24. Conclusions on state of PM10, 2001
Data from 928 stations (97 / 417 / 293 / 77)
750 cities and towns
Methods: Beta 40% ; Gravi 20% ; TEOM 20% ; nondef 20%
Limit value exceedances at 34% of the stations
Limit value exceedances in cities with total 30 mill people
Average annual concentrations Rural µg/m3
Urban µg/m3
Traffic µg/m3
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 24

25. From 89 traffic/urban station pairs:
35% higher concentration at traffic stations
Up to 90% higher
Regional differences
Rural background higher in some accession countries and in NL, BE and NW DE
Urban concentrations highest in Southern/Eastern Europe?
The indicative LV for 2010 was exceeded at most stations in cities and at about 50% at the rural sites.
Significant uncertainty in such summary assessments due to
Representativeness of stations
Different monitoring methods
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 25

26. PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations Annual average
Note: different methods, no corrections (also following maps)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 26

27. PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations ”Max 36” 29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 27

28. PM10 2001 Map Urban background ”Max 36” 29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 28

29. PM10 2001 Map PM 10 Hot spot ”Max 36” 29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 29

30. ”Population exposure” to PM10
Population in cities according to concentration range, ”max 36”
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 30

31. Conclusions on PM10 past tendencies
Time series are too short ( ) to conclude statistically on trend
Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES)
The tendency is towards lower concentrations (15-20%) but the tendency is not monotonic
The upward tendency since 1999 is to a large extent guided by the tendency in the Czech Republic.
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 31

32. The tendency, and absolute amount of reduction, is on the average, about the same for rural, urban and hot-spot areas
Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (SO4, NO3, ....)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 32

33. PM10 concentration tendencies 1997-2001
Annual average 183 stations
36th highest day 193 stations
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 33

34. PM10 trends 1997-2001 Location of stations with >4 years with data
Mainly UK, NL, BE, CH, CZ, ES
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 34

35. PM10 correction factors on AirBase data
Belgium:
No corrections till 2001 (included) 1.37/1.47 from 2002 onwards
Germany:
All PM10 data are in principle corrected PM10 data
Netherlands:
1.33 for all station years
Czech Republic:
No correction applied
United Kingdom:
France:
Spain:
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 35

36. PM Rural tendencies 1997-2001 Country averages5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
µg/m 3
CH(6)
CZ(19)
UK(3)
NL(7)
DE(8)
ES(5)
CH: PM10 DE: PM10 from 1999 onwards
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 36

37. PM10 Rural tendencies Secondary inorganic particles (SO4) (EMEP data)
Rough estimate of reduction of sulfate and nitrate particles : Source: EMEP-CCC ~ 5 µg/m3
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 37

38. PM10 Urban tendencies
Urban background, 36th highest day, country averages
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
BE(3)
CH(4)
CZ(29)
UK(29)
NL(5)
PL(4)
SE(2)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 38

39. NO2 2000 Urban background Annual average
Above LV in 31 cities in 6 Western Europe countries
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 39

40. NO2 2000 Hot-spots 19th highest hour
Above LV in 17 cities mostly in Southern Europe (8 countries)
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 40

41. NO2 tendencies 1996-2000 Steady downward tendency
Larger reduction at urban than at rural background stations
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 41

42. Station types Rural-urban- hotspot difference Annual average
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 42

43. Station types Rural-urban- hotspot difference Short-term LV/TV
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 43

44. Distance-to- target 29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 44

45. Population exposed to pollutants in cities
PM10-24h
NO2-annual
Ozone-8h
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 45

46. How is European Air Quality developing?
Ecosystems related
Acidifying depositions is significantly reduced, but still above critical loads in central and north-west Europe
Eutrophying depositions above critical load is more widespread
The AOT 40 target value for ozone is exceeded in about 20% of arable land in Europe which is covered by monitoring stations
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 46

47. Reduction in observed Sulphur deposition from 1990/92 to 1998/2000
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 47

48. Observed rates of Nitrogen wet deposition, 1990-2000
Weighted annual
deposition rate
across 36 stations
in 15 countries
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 48

49. Ecosystems protection from acidification, 2000
Percent of ecosystems in EMEP grids protected, i.e. not exceeding critical load
Source: EMEP MSC-W WGE/CCE
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 49

50. Ecosystems protected from eutrophication
Percent of ecosystems in EMEP grids protected,
i.e. not exceeding critical load
Source: EMEP MSC-W WGE/CCE
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 50

51. Exposure of agricultural crops to Ozone
AOT40 has been increasing since 1997
About 50% of arable Land represented by monitoring stations
About 40% of this part has AOT40 above Target Value, in 2000
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 51

52. How are policy measures working?
Abatement measures prompted by EU legislation and CLRTAP agreements have had a substantial effect
Main abatement measures
EU legislation for Large Combustion Plants has reduced acidification
3-way catalysts on vehicles have reduced PM and ozone precursors
Although ozone precursors have been reduced substantially, reduction in ozone concentrations present a more complicated picture
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 52

53. Response to policy measures, PM10
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 53

54. Changes in PM10 emissions 1990-2000 Policy measure responses, EU15 and AC13
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 54

55. ”The success of abatement”
The population and economic activity in Europe has increased, and energy use has increased less, due to improved energy efficiency
Emissions have decreased substantially
Shift to lighter fuels (to some extent also to nuclear and renewables) explain only some of this decrease
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 55

56. ”The success of abatement”
Main abatement actions:
Cleaning of large combustion plants (SO2, NOx, VOC) LRTAP Protocols and EU Large Comb. Plants directives
3-way catalysts on light duty vehicles EURO Directives (NOx, NMVOC, CO)
Ambient SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentrations follow largely the emissions reductions
Ozone concentrations do not fully reflect the precursor emissions reductions
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 56

57. Future ”Air Pollution Europe” report improvements
Need to look closer at spatial differences in levels and tendencies
e.g. using countries’ own assessments
Need to analyse causes of tendencies (emissions/meteorology changes)
Need to combine Air Pollution and Climate Change issues
29/11/2018
N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe ppt 57