What exactly are Wolbachia and how do we know if an insect is infected with them?

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What exactly are Wolbachia and how do we know if an insect is infected with them?

Feminization, Parthenogenesis and C.I., oh my! Wolbachia-infected wasp embryo Feminization – Somehow, maybe by influencing hormone levels, Wolbachia cause developing male woodlice to be born as female. Parthenogenesis-inducing – In wasps and some other arthropods, females are diploid (result of fertilization) and males are haploid (develop from unfertilized eggs). Wol- bachia prevent chromosome division so eggs remain diploid, resulting in all female births. Wolbachia are intracellular parasites Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI) – Infected females can reproduce with any mate whereas uninfected females are restricted to breeding with fewer uninfected males. Q. How might Wolbachia affect gene flow in a population? How might this lead to sympatric speciation? Important!! Wolbachia are inherited via infected eggs.

What do we use to “hook” Wolbachia DNA? ourses/EEB105/lectures/DNA_ replication/DNA_rep.html ourses/EEB105/lectures/DNA_ replication/DNA_rep.html WSPEC-F (5’-CATACCTATTCGAAGGGATAG-3’) WSPEC-R (5’-AGCTTCGAGTGAAACCAATTC-3’) Primers – a strand of RNA that serves as the starting point for DNA replication. DNA copies Bacteria “fishing” DNA sequence DNA Replicatiton Use primers in PCR to help copy DNA (animation) PCR + primer animation : What gene (DNA) is being copied using PCR?

wiki/Ribosomal_RNA wiki/Ribosomal_RNA Stems (sites that rarely mutate & are conserved) Loops (sites that are more free to mutate & evolve faster) Objective: Use primers to copy the 16S rDNA gene in Wolbachia bacteria Ribosome synthesizing a protein Bacterium with ribosomes Campbell & Reece, 6 th Ed. Atomic structure of the small subunit a ribosome. The rRNA, shown in orange, helps match the mRNA (codon) to the tRNA (anticodon). org/wiki/Image:10_ small_subunit.gif org/wiki/Image:10_ small_subunit.gif Small subunit ribosomal RNA 5’3’ Forward primerReverse primer Conserved region Variable regions 16S rDNA gene – codes for making SSU rRNA F R Copied DNA (using PCR)