1. How genes on a chromosome determine what proteins to make
Making Protein
How genes on a chromosome determine what proteins to make

2. The Language of Nucleotides
The sequence of the nucleotide bases are like a language
The only letters in this language are A T C and G
All words in this language are made up of three letters

3. How many words can you spell if English had only 4 letters? D N E O

4. 20 possible ‘words’ for ATCG
Every ‘word’ is an amino acid
Some words are like a period at the end of a sentence.

5. Transcription
The same as replication EXCEPT the sequence is copied to messenger RNA (mRNA)
A pairs with Uracil (U) instead of T
SINGLE strand. NOT double strand.

6. Transcription

7. Transcribe the following sequence from DNA into mRNA
G-C-A-T-T-A-C-G-A
C-G-U-A-A-U-G-C-U

8. Practice
G-C-C-A-T-A
C-T-A-C-G-A
T-C-T-A-G-A
A-T-T-G-A-C

9. mRNA ‘words’ Words are called codons Every three letters is 1 codon
Codons are matched with anticodons to make proteins

10. Translation (reading the sequence)
Translation build proteins (the last of the central dogma DNA – RNA – Proteins)

11. Three types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)

12. Sequence of events Amino acid attaches to tRNA
tRNA carries amino acid to rRNA
rRNA ‘sits’ on top of mRNA and reads the sequence
tRNA anticodons match with mRNA strand
Protein is formed by the matching
Translation stops when ‘stop codon’ appears

13. Practice
C-C-A-T-T-C DNA sequence