1. From DNA to Protein - Gene Expression: RNA and Protein
RNA transcripts
DNA molecule
Figure 14.6
Typically, many RNA polymerases simultaneously transcribe the same gene, producing a conglomerate structure often called a “Christmas tree” after its shape. Here, three genes next to one another on the same chromosome are being transcribed.
Figure It Out: Are the polymerases transcribing this DNA molecule moving from left to right or from right to left?
Answer: Left to right
Fig. 14-6, p. 219

2. Chapter 10 Opener
Many of the differences in the body structures of males and females can ultimately be traced to the activity of a single gene.

3. Link Between DNA and Protein

4. How does information get from nucleus to cytoplasm?

5. RNA RNA differs structurally from DNA RNA is single stranded
RNA uses the sugar ribose
RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

6. RNA Intermediaries 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries DNA gene information to the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
brings amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
part of the structure of ribosomes

7. Transcription and Translation

8. FIGURE 10-3 Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
(a) During transcription, the nucleotide sequence in a gene specifies the nucleotide sequence in a complementary RNA molecule. For protein-encoding genes, the product is an mRNA molecule that exits from the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. (b) During translation, the sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence in a protein.

9. The Genetic Code
Base sequence in a DNA gene dictates the sequence and type of amino acids in translation
Bases in mRNA are read by the ribosome in triplets called codons

10. Table 10-3 The Genetic Code (Codons of mRNA)

11. Transcription Transcription of a DNA gene into RNA has three stages
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

12. FIGURE 10-4a Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from instructions in DNA
A gene is a segment of a chromosome's DNA. One of the DNA strands will serve as the template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule with bases complementary to the bases in the DNA strand.

13. FIGURE 10-4b Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from instructions in DNA
A gene is a segment of a chromosome's DNA. One of the DNA strands will serve as the template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule with bases complementary to the bases in the DNA strand.

14. FIGURE 10-4c Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from instructions in DNA
A gene is a segment of a chromosome's DNA. One of the DNA strands will serve as the template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule with bases complementary to the bases in the DNA strand.

15. FIGURE 10-4d Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from instructions in DNA
A gene is a segment of a chromosome's DNA. One of the DNA strands will serve as the template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule with bases complementary to the bases in the DNA strand.

16. mRNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
serves as the complementary copy of a DNA gene that is read by a ribosome

17. mRNA - Prokaryotes
FIGURE 10-6a Messenger RNA synthesis in prokaryotic cells
(a) In prokaryotes, many or all of the genes for a complete metabolic pathway lie side by side on the chromosome.

18. FIGURE 10-6 Messenger RNA synthesis in prokaryotic cells
(b) Transcription and translation are simultaneous in prokaryotes. In this colorized electron micrograph, RNA polymerase (not visible at this magnification) travels from left to right on a strand of DNA (blue). As it synthesizes a messenger RNA molecule (red), ribosomes (dark polygons) bind to the mRNA and immediately begin synthesizing a protein (not visible).

19. mRNA – Eukaryotes

20. FIGURE 10-7a Messenger RNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells

21. FIGURE 10-7b Messenger RNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells

22. mRNA – Alternate Splicing

23. Ribosomes Ribosomes are large complexes of proteins and rRNA
genome.imim.es

24. Ribosomes

25. Transfer RNAs
Transfer RNAs hook up to and bring amino acids to the ribosome
There is at least one type of tRNA assigned to carry each of the twenty different amino acids

26. Transfer RNAs Each tRNA has 3 exposed bases called an anticodon
The bases of the tRNA anticodon pair with an mRNA codon within a ribosome binding site
odec.ca

27. Translation Has 3 steps: Initiation Elongation of the protein chain
termination

28. FIGURE 10-8a Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

29. FIGURE 10-8b Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

30. FIGURE 10-8c Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

31. FIGURE 10-8d Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

32. FIGURE 10-8e Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

33. FIGURE 10-8f Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

34. FIGURE 10-8g Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

35. FIGURE 10-8h Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

36. FIGURE 10-8i Translation is the process of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis, or translation, decodes the base sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

37. FIGURE 10-9 Complementary base pairing is critical to decode genetic information
(a) DNA contains two strands: the template strand is used by RNA polymerase to synthesize an RNA molecule. (b) Bases in the template strand of DNA are transcribed into a complementary mRNA. Codons are sequences of three bases that specify an amino acid or a stop during protein synthesis. (c) Unless it is a stop codon, each mRNA codon forms base pairs with the anticodon of a tRNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid. (d) The amino acids borne by the tRNAs are joined together to form a protein.

38. The End