1. Chapter 12: From Genes to Proteins
Traits, such as eye color, are determined by proteins that are built according to an organism’s DNA
Proteins are made by decoding the information in DNA
DNA and RNA work together to build proteins

2. Differences in DNA and RNA
Double Stranded
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen bases (A, T, C, and G)
Found only in the nucleus
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose
Nitrogen bases (A, Uracil, C and G)
Found both in nucleus and cytoplasm

3. Transcription Occurs in the Nucleus
Enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand similar to DNA Replication; however, only (1) strand is made of RNA rather than (2) as in DNA.
Build mRNA using DNA

4. mRNA- Messenger RNA is the RNA copy that leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome
Codon- set of 3 nitrogen bases that represent an amino acid (aa).
There are 20 known amino acids and 64 different codons (p. 303)
Of these sixty-four, sixty code for amino acids and the remaining 4 are “start” and “stop” signals.

6. Translation Occurs at the Ribosome
Translation is the process of converting the information in a sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein.
tRNA (transfer RNA)- molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomes so they can be made into chains of protein.
Anticodon- a set of 3 nitrogen bases (codon) is attached to each tRNA molecule.