Lect. 7 The Syntax of English Learning outcomes: Students will be able to know noun & verb phrases and grammatical functions. Objectives: To teach the different phrases and their functions. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to know noun & verb phrases and grammatical functions. Objectives: To teach the different phrases and their functions.

Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger structures, phrases, clauses, sentences. A. Noun phrases: What is the noun phrase consist of? It consists of a noun and all the words and word group that belong to the noun and cluster around it.Eg. The yellow tulips Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger structures, phrases, clauses, sentences. A. Noun phrases: What is the noun phrase consist of? It consists of a noun and all the words and word group that belong to the noun and cluster around it.Eg. The yellow tulips

The yellow tulips in the garden. Some modifiers precede the head and others follow the head. Ex 14-1 page 204 The yellow tulips in the garden. Some modifiers precede the head and others follow the head. Ex 14-1 page 204

Underline the head of the following noun phrases: 1. The fence 2. The old fence 3. The new aluminum fence 4 The fence between the houses 5. The old fence which was painted green. Home work 6-10 Underline the head of the following noun phrases: 1. The fence 2. The old fence 3. The new aluminum fence 4 The fence between the houses 5. The old fence which was painted green. Home work 6-10

Ex 14-2 page 204 Make each list of words into a noun phrase and underline the headword. 1.table, the,small,study 2.European,any,opra,great. Make each list of words into a noun phrase and underline the headword. 1.table, the,small,study 2.European,any,opra,great.

3.somber,evening,that,sky 4.my,shoes,rommmate’s,tennis 5.linen,white,handkerchiefs,the,oth er,all Home work somber,evening,that,sky 4.my,shoes,rommmate’s,tennis 5.linen,white,handkerchiefs,the,oth er,all Home work 6-10

Noun phrases can contain other noun phrases,eg: Boys often build dams in the spring. Small boys who are not in school often build dams in the spring. Ex 14-3 Expand the italicized noun phrases by adding modifers before, after: 1. I gave the cat a dish of milk. 2.The doctor remain in his office till five. Noun phrases can contain other noun phrases,eg: Boys often build dams in the spring. Small boys who are not in school often build dams in the spring. Ex 14-3 Expand the italicized noun phrases by adding modifers before, after: 1. I gave the cat a dish of milk. 2.The doctor remain in his office till five.

Ex 14-3 Home work 1-4

Some syntactic categories of nouns Count noun class: includes everything that is readily countable, such as books. Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. The singular is preceded by a determiner,e.g.,

The student is coming. A student is coming. student is coming(wrong). In the plural they may come without a determiner. The student is coming. A student is coming. student is coming(wrong). In the plural they may come without a determiner.

The mass nouns: include everything that is not readily countable, such as water, music, justice. Mass nouns have no plural, they occur in the singular such as, Information is useful. The information is useful. An information is useful(wrong) The mass nouns: include everything that is not readily countable, such as water, music, justice. Mass nouns have no plural, they occur in the singular such as, Information is useful. The information is useful. An information is useful(wrong)

Many words may be mass nouns in one context and count nouns in a different context, e.g., lemonade, lemonades, virtue, eggs, bread. Proper nouns class: Consists of names of particular persons, places, and things. Many words may be mass nouns in one context and count nouns in a different context, e.g., lemonade, lemonades, virtue, eggs, bread. Proper nouns class: Consists of names of particular persons, places, and things.

Verb phrases It consists of a verb and all the words and word group that belong to the verb and cluster around it. The verb is the head and the other words are called auxiliaries modifiers, and complements.

Example of verb phrases: 1.soon arrived. 2.arrived late. 3.soon arrived at the station. Example of verb phrases: 1.soon arrived. 2.arrived late. 3.soon arrived at the station.

Ex Underline the head in these verb phrases: 1. stepped lightly 2. stepped into the room 3. quickly stepped in 4. stepped where he was told Home work 4-10 Underline the head in these verb phrases: 1. stepped lightly 2. stepped into the room 3. quickly stepped in 4. stepped where he was told Home work 4-10

Some syntactic categories of Verbs Transitive verbs(receive the action of the verb) Intransitive verbs Linking verbs, such as, be, become, seem, and look. Transitive verbs(receive the action of the verb) Intransitive verbs Linking verbs, such as, be, become, seem, and look.

Examples Suzan prepare the manuscripts. She sang beautifully. The instructions were clear. Suzan prepare the manuscripts. She sang beautifully. The instructions were clear.

Grammatical function of parts of speech Table p 213

Identifying the subject Ex Change the plural subjects to singular. The students study. The houses deteriorate. Ex Change the singular subjects to plural. The professor teaches The bus wait. Home work Ex /15 Ex Change the plural subjects to singular. The students study. The houses deteriorate. Ex Change the singular subjects to plural. The professor teaches The bus wait. Home work Ex /15