Africa Before European Domination –Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration –Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Imperialism –seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa –The Congo Sparks Interest Henry Stanley helps King Leopold of Belgium acquire land in Congo –Leopold brutally exploits Africans; millions die –Belgium gov’t takes over colony –Other Euro nations begin claiming parts of Afr Section 1 The Scramble for Africa

Forces Driving Imperialism –Belief in Euro Superiority National Pride spurs desire for colonies Racism –belief that one race is better than others Social Darwinism –natural selection applied to human society Cecil Rhodes –help to create De Beers Consolidated Mines –Factors promoting Imperialism in Afr Technology help conquest: steam engine, Maxim gun Quinine protects Euros from malaria Afrs divided by language and culture

The Division of Africa –Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization –Berlin Conference -14 Euro nations agree on rules for dividing Afr ( ) Countries must claim land and prove ability to control it –By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of Euro control –Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Afr Euro businesses develop cash-crop plantations –Causes inadequate food supplies for Afr

3 Groups Clash over South Africa –Zulus fight the Brits Shaka –Zulu chief; creates centralized state around 1816 Brits defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887 –Boers and Brits settle in the Cape Boers –Dutch farmers, take Afr’s land, establish large farms Boers & Brits fight over land, slaves –Great Trek –Boers move north to escape Brits –The Boer War Boer vs. Brits Brits win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa

A New Period of Imperialism –Euros want to control all aspects of their colonies Influence political, social lives of people Shape economies to benefit Euro Want people to adopt Euro customs –Forms of control (page 346) Colony –governed by a foreign power Protectorate –governs itself, but under outside control Sphere of influence –outside power controls investment, trading Economic imperialism –private business interests assert control Section 2 Imperialism

–Methods of management Indirect control –Limited self-rule for local governments –Legislative body includes colonial, local officials Direct control –Paternalism –Euros provide for local people, but grant no rights –Assimilation –adaptation of local people to ruling culture Case Study: Nigeria –Brit’s rule of Nigeria is a form of imperialism common in Euro Controls economic and political life of the area –Brits Gaining control Conquers S. Nigeria w/ diplomacy & force Conquers N. Nigeria w/ Royal Niger Company 1914, claims all of Nigeria as a colony

–Managing the colony Nigeria is culturally diverse; 250 ethnic groups –Indirect rule is successful w/ Hausa-Fulani »Accustomed to a strong central gov’t –Yoruba & Igbo resent limits on their power African Resistance –Broad resistance to imperialism, but Euros have superior weapons –Unsuccessful movements Algeria resists FR for 50 years Maji-Maji Rebellion –spiritually inspired revolt against GER –Believed magic water would protect them from bullets –75,000 die; famine kills twice as many –Ethiopia: successful resistance Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, resists Euros –Plays Euros against each other –Stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons –Defeats Italy, remains independent

Legacy of Colonial Rule –Negative effects Afrs lose land, independence, many lives Traditional cultures break down Division of Afr creates problems that continue today –Positive effects Colonialism reduces local fighting Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth