FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia  Pax Romana: 200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s and army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a

a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it……?

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic

What’s in a Name? Augustus

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) Pater Patriae—

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) Pater Patriae—“father of the country”

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) Pater Patriae—“father of the country” Imperator

What’s in a Name? Augustus—implies devotion to Gods Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) Pater Patriae—“father of the country” Imperator—acclamation for victorious general

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets Public Art In 13 BCE Augustus dedicated the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) to his own pietas and the Pax Romana he had established. Its relief sculptures were done in the style of Periclean Athens in the fifth century BCE, an era which Augustus and his age unquestionably emulated. In the center is Augustus, his head covered to indicate his role of pontifex maximus (high priest) and his special relationship with the gods.

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets Public Art Coins

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets Public Art Coins “Res Gestae”

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets Public Art Coins “Res Gestae” DGP Source 6, Augustus

In my sixth and seventh consulships, after I had put an end to the civil wars, having attained supreme power by universal consent, I transferred the state from my own power to the control of the Roman senate and the people. For this service of mine I received the title of Augustus by decree of the senate...and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house, which, as the inscription on this shield testifies, the Roman senate and people gave me in recognition of my valor, clemency, justice, and devotion. After that time I excelled all in authority, but I possessed no more power than the others who were my colleagues in each magistracy (Res Gestae, 34).

“Restoring the Republic” Propaganda Poets Public Art Coins “Res Gestae” DGP Source 6, Augustus DGP Source 7, Cassius Dio Why is it necessary for Emperors like Augustus to not present themselves as a king? How do emperors use the title imperator? What powers do the emperors have? (underline) What does “clothed themselves with all the powers of government” mean? In summary, how would Cassius Dio respond to what Augustus said in Source 6?

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession? Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession? Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic 3 main problems with governors during the late Republic? Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Unsupervised?InexperiencedUnpaid? Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

Supervision? a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Supervision?Experience? Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Experience? Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. Reforms? Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died a Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions How did Aug. keep cost down? Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) How threatened was Rome by outside powers? Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Geographic Factor favoring Rome? Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) What was this period referred to & why? Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia  Pax Romana: 200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions a Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people