BELL WORK This is your last bell work question of the semester?  or  Look back at your journal and tell me what your favorite bell work question was.

SAFETY AND EMERGENCIES LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES

OBJECTIVES explain different kinds of life-threatening emergencies. describe how to perform rescue breathing. identify the symptoms of shock. explain how to help someone who is choking.

WHEN EMERGENCY STRIKES Provide appropriate first aid. Stay Calm. Call for help.

A reddish-purple colorization CHOKING Signs of Choking Clutching the throat Gasping or wheezing A reddish-purple colorization Bulging eyes An inability to speak

CHOKING If an adult or older child is choking, use the abdominal thrusts maneuver. abdominal thrusts Involves quick upward pulls into the diaphragm to force out an obstruction blocking the airway

CHOKING Choking infants require a different first-aid procedure.

If You Are Alone and Choking Make a fist and position it slightly above your navel. With your other hand, grasp your fist and thrust it inward and upward. OR Lean over the back of a chair, or any firm object. Press your abdomen into the chair or object.

SEVERE BLEEDING Have the person lie down and elevate the site of the bleeding above the level of the heart. Use universal precautions. Apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth. If bleeding continues, apply pressure to the artery supplying blood to the area of the wound. Cover the wound with a clean cloth to reduce the risk of infection.

SEVERE BLEEDING Arm Pressure Point Bleeding Control Use your fingers to press on the inside of the upper arm at the area in the diagram. You will press the artery at this point against the arm bone. To find the artery, feel for the pulse below the round muscle of the biceps.

SEVERE BLEEDING Leg Pressure Point Bleeding Control Keeping your arm straight, use the heel of your hand to press the groin area shown in the diagram. You will press the artery at this point against the pelvic bone. You may need to use both hands to apply enough pressure.

CPR If the person does not respond when gently shaken or when asked, “Are you okay?”, do not hesitate to administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) A first aid procedure that combines rescue breathing with chest compressions to restore breathing and circulation

CPR The ABCs of CPR A A B C Airway Breathing Circulation B C

SHOCK Injury, burns, and severe infection can cause a person to go into shock. shock A life threatening condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough blood to vital tissues and organs Heat, poisoning, blood loss, and heart attack can also cause someone to go into shock.

SHOCK Signs of Shock Cool, clammy, pale or gray skin Weak and rapid pulse Slow and shallow breathing Dull look in the eyes with dilated pupils

Precautions When Someone Goes Into Shock Call for medical help. Help the person to lie down on his or her back with feet raised slightly higher than the head. Loosen tight clothing.

Precautions When Someone Goes Into Shock Use a blanket, coat or any available cover to help keep the person warm. Do not give the person anything to drink. Roll the person onto his or her side to help prevent choking in the event of vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.

COMMON EMERGENCIES Insect bites Burns Poisoning Object in the Eye Nosebleed Fainting Heat Cramps Heatstroke Sprains Bruises Broken Bones

SPRAIN A minor sprain can be treated using the P.R.I.C.E method. sprain A condition in which the ligaments that hold the joints in position are stretched or torn

P.R.I.C.E. The P.R.I.C.E. Method P R I C E Protect the inured part by keeping it still. Rest the affected joint for 24 to 48 hours. Ice the injured part to reduce swelling and pain. Compress the injured area by wrapping it in an elastic bandage. Elevate the injured part above the level of the heart.

FRACTURE There are two types of fractures. fracture A break in the bone Open Fracture Closed Fracture Complete break with one or both sides of the bone piercing the skin. Does not break the skin and may be difficult to identify.

INSECT BITES Wash the area of the bite. Apply a special lotion for relief. Remove the insect’s stinger by scraping against the affected area with a fingernail. Apply ice or a cold pack to relive pain and prevent swelling.

BURNS First-Degree Burns Description Treatment Affects only the outer layer of the skin. There may be some swelling and pain. Cool the burn with running water. Immerse the burn in cold water, or apply cold compress for at least 15 minutes. Cover the burn with a sterile bandage.

BURNS Second-Degree Burns Description Treatment Burns through the first layer of skin and burns the second layer of skin. Blisters develop. Skin looks red and splotchy. Severe pain and swelling. If the burn is no longer than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, can be treated as a first-degree burn. If the burn is larger, get medical help immediately.

BURNS Third-Degree Burns Description Treatment Involves all layers of the skin and may affect fat, muscle, and bone. Burned area may be charred black or appear dry and white. May be little or no pain. A pain deeper than the skin is called a fourth-degree burn. First, call for medical help. Treat the victim for shock as described in Lesson 6. Do not remove burned clothing. Apply cold water to the burn, then cover with a sterile bandage or clean cloth. Keep the victim still and help him or her to sip fluids.

POISIONING A poison is a substance that causes harm when swallowed, inhaled, absorbed by the skin, or injected into the body. Medicines and household products play a role in about half of all poisonings.

POISIONING Call the nearest poison control center. UTAH POISON CONTROL CENTER

POISIONING If a poisonous chemical has made contact with someone’s skin, remove all clothing that has touched the chemical and then wash the surface of the skin for 15 minutes. Call the poison control center.

FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE Do not rub your eye. Use clean water to flush the object out.

FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE If someone else has a foreign object in the eye: Locate the object by gently pulling the lower lid downward while the person looks up. Hold the upper lid open while the person looks down. If the object is floating on the surface of the eye, lightly touch the object with a moistened cotton swab. Call for medical attention if you cannot remove the object.

NOSEBLEED Pinch shut the bleeding nose between the thumb and index finger. Breath through your mouth for 5 to 10 minutes. If the bleeding is heavy and it continues for more than 15 minutes, get medical help.

FAINTING Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off for a short amount of time.

FAINTING Leave the person lying down and check the airway. Raise the legs above the level of the head if the person is breathing. Loosen any tight clothing. If the person does not regain consciousness in a minute, call for help and start CPR.

HEAT EXHAUSTION Three heat-related illnesses are heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. heat cramps Painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur during strenuous exercise in hot weather heat exhaustion Characterized by faintness, nausea, rapid heartbeat and hot, red, dry, or sweaty skin heatstroke The most serious form of heat illness

Drink water or a sports drink HEAT CRAMPS Heat Cramps Rest Cool down Drink water or a sports drink Do gentle stretching

HEAT EXHAUSTION Heat Exhaustion Lie down in a shady or air-conditioned place Elevate the feet Loosen clothing Offer cold, not iced water Fan the victim while spraying them with cool water

Call immediately for medical assistance. HEATSTROKE Heatstroke A heatstroke occurs because the body has stopped sweating. The primary symptoms are a significant increase in the body temperature and a rapid heartbeat and shallow breathing. Call immediately for medical assistance.