Unit 7-4 Exam Questions

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Table of Contents 26th Amendment New Federalism Title IX Reaganomics / Supply Side Economics Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) Star Wars Détente Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Watergate New Jersey v. TLO (1985) United States v. Nixon (1974) Affirmative Action The Pentagon Papers Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Three Mile Island Camp David Accords Sunbelt Iran Hostage Crisis Energy Crisis Oil Embargo

26th Amendment The ratification of the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, was a result of the (1) participation of the United States in the Vietnam War (2) fear of McCarthyism (3) reaction to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union (4) reporting of the Watergate scandal

Title IX The data included in the table suggest that since 1971 (1) boys are losing interest in participating in sports (2) participation in sports by boys and girls is nearly equal (3) girls’ participation in sports equals that of boys (4) girls’ participation in sports is increasing at a faster rate than that of boys

Title IX Which development contributed most to the changes shown in the table? (1) passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (2) inclusion of Title IX in the Education Amendments of 1972 (3) the beginning of Head Start programs in the 1960s (4) increase in the number of nonpublic schools since the 1970s

Title IX “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, . . .” — Title IX, 1972 The passage of this law affected women across the nation by (1) granting them the right to own property (2) guaranteeing them the same wages as male workers (3) increasing their opportunities to participate in school sports (4) allowing them the right to seek elective offices

Title IX The Equal Pay Act, the Title IX education amendment, and the proposed Equal Rights amendment (ERA) were primarily efforts to improve the status of (1) African Americans (2) Native American Indians (3) migrant workers (4) women

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), signed by President Richard Nixon with the Soviet Union, was an effort to advance the foreign policy of détente (2) imperialism (3) brinkmanship (4) globalization

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) Which United States foreign policy decision most clearly reflects the relationship shown in the cartoon? (1) issuance of the Eisenhower Doctrine (2) quarantine of Cuba (3) support of Israel in the Six Day War (4) negotiation of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Détente President Richard Nixon’s policy of détente is best characterized by his (1) decision to dismantle the nuclear weapons arsenal of the United States (2) attempt to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union (3) order to bomb Cambodia (4) support for membership in the United Nations for communist countries

Détente The policy of détente was used by President Richard Nixon in an effort to (1) decrease tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States (2) improve relations with Latin America (3) promote democratic government in China (4) create stronger ties with Western Europe

Détente The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), signed by President Richard Nixon with the Soviet Union, was an effort to advance the foreign policy of détente (2) imperialism (3) brinkmanship (4) globalization

Détente A main goal of President Richard Nixon’s policy of détente was to (1) sponsor free elections in North and South Korea (2) reduce tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (3) negotiate an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict (4) build support for recognition of the Nationalist government of Taiwan

Détente The policy of détente pursued by President Richard Nixon was an effort to (1) increase foreign aid to African nations (2) maintain access to East Asian markets (3) reduce conflict with the Soviet Union (4) end trade barriers among Western Hemisphere nations

Détente The United States policy of détente can best be described as an effort to (1) reduce tensions with the Soviet Union (2) negotiate peace agreements with North Korea (3) halt the arms race with China (4) end an embargo against Cuba

Détente President Richard Nixon’s foreign policy of détente was an attempt to (1) resolve Middle East conflicts (2) improve relations with the Soviet Union (3) defend United States interests in Latin America (4) increase the power of the United Nations Security Council

Détente The cartoonist is commenting on which Cold War foreign policy? (2) brinkmanship (3) the domino theory (4) collective security

Détente The primary purpose of President Richard Nixon’s policy of détente was to (1) expand United States military involvement in Southeast Asia (2) assure an adequate supply of oil from the Middle East (3) ease tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (4) maintain a favorable balance of trade with China

Détente Which term is most commonly used to describe President Richard Nixon’s foreign policy toward the Soviet Union? collective security (2) brinkmanship (3) détente (4) neutrality

Détente The main goal of President Richard Nixon’s foreign policy of détente was to (1) assure American victory in Vietnam (2) resolve conflicts in the Middle East (3) abolish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (4) improve relations with the Soviet Union

Watergate The terms Teapot Dome, Watergate, and Iran- Contra are most closely associated with (1) domestic policies (2) presidential scandals (3) federal court decisions (4) failed reform movements

Watergate Which event led to this letter being written? (1) Teapot Dome scandal (2) Kent State shootings (3) Iran-Contra affair (4) Watergate break-in

Watergate President Richard Nixon’s decision to resign from the presidency in 1974 was based primarily on (1) developments in the Watergate investigation (2) backlash from his policies toward China and the Soviet Union (3) protests against his secret military actions during the Vietnam War (4) accusations of trading arms for hostages

Watergate Which action did President Gerald Ford take in an attempt to end the national controversy over the Watergate affair? (1) pardoning Richard Nixon (2) declaring a war on poverty (3) declining to run for reelection (4) asking Congress to impeach Richard Nixon

Watergate The cartoon is most closely associated with the controversy over the (1) Watergate affair (2) war on drugs (3) Arab-Israeli conflict (4) Iran hostage crisis

Watergate A major effect of the Watergate scandal of the 1970s was that it (1) led to the Arab oil embargo (2) reduced people’s trust in government (3) resulted in term limits for elected officials (4) increased presidential power

Watergate The conflict that was the focus of the cartoon involved President Richard Nixon’s attempt to (1) increase the number of troops in Vietnam (2) withhold evidence in the Watergate scandal (3) impose mandatory wage and price controls (4) improve relations with the People’s Republic of China

Watergate The cartoon illustrates the constitutional principle of (1) federalism (2) checks and balances (3) representative government (4) civilian control of the military

Watergate Which statement best describes an impact of the Watergate scandal on American society? (1) The modern environmental movement began. (2) Public trust in government declined. (3) Voter turnout in elections increased. (4) An economic recession ended.

United States v. Nixon (1974) The Supreme Court decisions in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) and United States v. Nixon (1974) reinforced the principle that the president of the United States (1) has unlimited use of the veto power (2) is protected from unfair media criticism (3) may not be convicted of a crime (4) is not above the law

United States v. Nixon (1974) The Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Nixon (1974) was significant because it directly (1) increased the power of the legislative branch (2) showed that the Court controlled the executive branch (3) limited the president’s power of executive privilege (4) weakened the principle of federalism

United States v. Nixon (1974) The conflict that was the focus of the cartoon involved President Richard Nixon’s attempt to (1) increase the number of troops in Vietnam (2) withhold evidence in the Watergate scandal (3) impose mandatory wage and price controls (4) improve relations with the People’s Republic of China

United States v. Nixon (1974) The cartoon illustrates the constitutional principle of (1) federalism (2) checks and balances (3) representative government (4) civilian control of the military

The Pentagon Papers So far this term has appeared only as a wrong answer choice in the multiple choice portion of the exam. The Pentagon Papers: Papers that contain a history of the U.S. role in Indochina (includes Vietnam) from World War II until May 1968 and that were commissioned in 1967 by U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. They were turned over (without authorization) to The New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg, a senior research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Center for International Studies.

Three Mile Island So far this term has not shown up on the multiple choice of an exam. Three Mile Island: a partial nuclear meltdown which occurred in one of the two Three Mile Island nuclear reactors in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States, on March 28, 1979. It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.[1] The incident was rated a five on the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale: Accident With Wider Consequences.

Camp David Accords Which foreign policy agreement had the most direct influence on the Middle East? (1) Kellogg-Briand Pact (2) Yalta Conference declaration (3) SALT I Treaty (4) Camp David Accords

Camp David Accords Which action was a major foreign policy achievement of President Jimmy Carter? (1) settling the Suez crisis (2) withdrawing the United States from the Vietnam War (3) establishing improved relations with Iran (4) mediating the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel

Camp David Accords “President Wilson Represents the United States at Versailles” “President Reagan Meets with Soviet President Gorbachev” “President Carter Negotiates Camp David Accords” Each headline illustrates a time when the president of the United States acted as (1) chief diplomat (2) chief legislator (3) commander in chief (4) head of a political party

Camp David Accords The Camp David Accords negotiated by President Jimmy Carter were important because they (1) reduced tensions in the Middle East (2) renewed diplomatic relations between the United States and China (3) slowed the pace of the nuclear arms race (4) provided for cooperation with the Soviet Union in the exploration of outer space

Camp David Accords In the Camp David Accords (1978), President Jimmy Carter succeeded in (1) returning the Panama Canal Zone to Panama (2) suspending grain sales to the Soviet Union and China (3) providing a foundation for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel (4) freeing hostages being held in Iran

Camp David Accords The Camp David Accords and the Persian Gulf War both show the desire of the United States to (1) create stability in the Middle East (2) expand trade with Asian nations (3) maintain friendly relations with Europe (4) provide economic stability in Latin America

Iran Hostage Crisis So far this term has only appeared as an incorrect answer choice in the multiple choice section of the exam. Iran Hostage Crisis: The Iran hostage crisis, referred to in Persian as تسخیر لانه جاسوسی امریکا (literally "Conquest of the American Spy Den,"), was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. President Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail.“ The crisis was described by the western media as an entanglement of "vengeance and mutual incomprehension." In Iran, the hostage taking was widely seen as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Energy Crisis “. . . Our decision about energy will test the character of the American people and the ability of the President and the Congress to govern. This difficult effort will be the ‘moral equivalent of war’— except that we will be uniting our efforts to build and not destroy. . . .” — President Jimmy Carter Address to the Nation, April 18, 1977 President Carter put these ideas into practice by (1) halting construction of nuclear power plants (2) increasing imports of foreign oil (3) urging the development of alternative fuel sources (4) imposing a price freeze on all petroleum products

Energy Crisis Which situation in the 1970s caused the United States to reconsider its dependence on foreign energy resources? (1) war in Afghanistan (2) oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (3) meetings with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons (4) free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico

Oil Embargo Which situation in the 1970s caused the United States to reconsider its dependence on foreign energy resources? (1) war in Afghanistan (2) oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (3) meetings with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons (4) free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico

New Federalism So far this term has not appeared in a multiple choice question. New Federalism: Refers to the return of powers to the states that had been taken by the federal government during President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal.

Reaganomics / Supply Side Economics President Ronald Reagan used the concept of supply-side economics when he proposed (1) reducing income taxes to stimulate growth (2) providing direct payments to people living in poverty (3) creating government jobs to keep people working (4) increasing regulations on business to promote competition

Reaganomics / Supply Side Economics President Ronald Reagan’s supply-side economic policy was successful in (1) increasing government spending on social programs (2) lowering tax rates on personal and business income (3) reducing defense spending (4) enforcing stricter environmental regulations

Reaganomics / Supply Side Economics Which heading best completes the partial outline below? (1) Social Reforms (2) Constitutional Amendments (3) Economic Policies (4) Religious Beliefs

Star Wars So far this term has not appeared in the multiple choice potion of an exam. Star Wars: This term refers to President Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). This was a plan to use ground based and space based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The plan was criticized as unrealistic and unscientific and the idea was eventually scrapped.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Which category most accurately completes the heading for the partial outline below? (1) Right to Counsel (2) Student Rights (3) School Integration (4) Federal Funding of Education

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Tinker v. Des Moines and New York Times Co. v. United States were based on interpretations of the (1) meaning of a republican form of government (2) powers delegated specifically to Congress (3) president’s right to executive privilege (4) rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) In the Supreme Court cases New Jersey v. T.L.O. and Tinker v. Des Moines School District, the Court ruled that (1) individual student rights are more important than a safe school environment (2) students can be expelled from school without a hearing (3) civil liberties can be both protected and limited in schools (4) the Bill of Rights does not apply to minors

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) Which category most accurately completes the heading for the partial outline below? (1) Right to Counsel (2) Student Rights (3) School Integration (4) Federal Funding of Education

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) The Supreme Court decisions in New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) and Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) show that (1) a student’s right to privacy is limited under certain conditions (2) prayer in public schools must be limited (3) racially segregated schools are unconstitutional (4) a student has no guaranteed rights while in school

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) In the Supreme Court cases New Jersey v. T.L.O. and Tinker v. Des Moines School District, the Court ruled that (1) individual student rights are more important than a safe school environment (2) students can be expelled from school without a hearing (3) civil liberties can be both protected and limited in schools (4) the Bill of Rights does not apply to minors

Affirmative Action The program that promotes preference in hiring for African Americans and other minorities to correct past injustices is known as Title IX (2) open admissions (3) affirmative action (4) Head Start

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) So far this term has not appeared in a multiple choice question. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978): a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. However, the court ruled that specific quotas, such as the 16 out of 100 seats set aside for minority students by the University of California, Davis School of Medicine, were impermissible.

Sunbelt So far this term has not appeared in a multiple choice question. Sunbelt: a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude. The main defining feature of the Sun Belt is its warm climate with extended summers and brief, relatively mild winters.