The Cardiovascular System Blood The Heart Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular system Functions: Transports: oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients wastes chemical messengers Homeostasis of pH temperature clotting Disease Defense
Systemic Vessels
Blood = Plasma + Formed (Cellular) Elements ~ 55% blood volume ~ 92% of plasma is water High dissolved oxygen content Dissolved proteins Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen Cells ~ 45% blood volume RBCs ~ 99% of cells WBCs ~1% of cells
The Proteins in Plasma Albumins 60% of plasma proteins viscosity Globulins 35% of plasma proteins Immunoglobulins attack foreign invaders Fibrinogen React in clotting reaction Form fibrin (serum = plasma - fibrinogen)
Cellular Components RBCs (erythrocytes)~ 99% of all cells. ~ 1/2 blood volume. Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cellular components (~ RBC volume) Lacks mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei Life span = ~120 days
Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBCs) on the tip of a hypodermic needle.
Hemoglobin
Erythropoietin
Life and death of an RBC
Anemia Pernicious anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Sickle cell anemia Low Fe absorption – Vitamin B12 and instrinsic factor Hemorrhagic anemia Sickle cell anemia Hypochromic anemia Hemolytic anemia polycythemia
Pernicious anemia
Blood Types - ABO
What type?
What type?
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Granular Leukocytes (WBCs) Neutrophils 70% circulating leukocytes Highly active aggressive phagocytes Eosinophils (acidophils) Much less common Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies Parasitic infections Basophils Relatively rare allergeries Release histamines.
Agranular Leukocytes Lymphocytes Primary cell of the lymphatic system T-cells attack foreign cells directly B-cells produce antibodies Monocytes Migrate into peripheral tissues and differential into Macrophages Highly mobile phagocytic cells diapedesis
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Platelet cells (Thrombocytes) Fragments of Megakaryocytes enclosed packets of cytoplasm for blood clotting Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit - from heart to lungs back to heart to body back to heart
Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Veins = vessels that return blood to the heart. Capillaries = smallest vessels, found between smallest arteries and veins. These are the exchange vessels.
The Heart Myocardium Chambers Valves (one-way-flow) Pericardial Sac
Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity
Epicardium Visceral pericardium Myocardium Muscular wall of the heart Endocardium Epithelium of inner surface
The Heart is Dual Pump Most of the heart is Myocardium - Contractile Myocardiocytes * Interconnected by intercalated discs
Position and Orientation of the Heart
Sectional Anatomy of the Heart
Blood Flow through Heart RA -> ______ valve -> RV -> _____ valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary ______s -> lungs -> pulmonary _____s -> LA -> ____ valve -> LV -> ___ valve -> ascending aorta -> aortic arch Receives blood from systemic circuit Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary veins Return blood to coronary sinus then on to right ventricle Foramen ovale open during embryonic development Fossa ovalis after birth
Right Ventricle Right AV valve / Tricuspid valve Blood comes from right atrium to right ventricle through the atroventricular (AV) valve Right AV valve / Tricuspid valve Three cusps of fibrous tissue - Chordae tendineae - Papillary muscles - Pulmonary semilunar valve Blood leaves Rt Ventricle via pulmonary Semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk. Branches to left and right pulmonary arteries
How do papillary muscles work? Valves of the Heart How do papillary muscles work?
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds Closure of the AV valves create the 1st heart sound (‘lub’). Closure of the semilunar valves create the 2nd heart sound (‘dupp’). Placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest.
Coronary Circulation
Normal Functional Heart Anatomy
Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
The Cardiac Cycle
The Electrocardiogram Recording of the electrical activities in the heart P wave = Atrial Depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular Depolarization T wave = Ventricular Repolarization
ECG
The Conducting System of the Heart
Heart cycle