1. Blood
Chapter 19

2. I. Functions of Blood
Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones & metabolic wastes
Regulates pH & electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids
Restricts fluid loss through damaged vessels or injury sites
Defends against toxins & pathogens
Stabilizes body temperature

3. Random Blood Facts Blood is a specialized connective tissue
Blood temperature is roughly °F
Blood is 5X more viscous than water
Blood pH ranges from 7.35 – 7.45
Blood volume
Adult male: 5 – 6 liters
Adult female: 4 – 5 liters
FYI: Read about blood collection on page 644.

4. II. Composition of Blood
Plasma – matrix
Makes up 46 – 63% of blood volume
92% water
Consists of:
Serum (the ground substance) – make blood denser than water
Plasma proteins (normally form fibers in CT)

5. (Plasma Proteins) Albumins Most abundant (60%)
Transport thyroid & other hormones
Contribute to osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins
35%
Examples: Immunoglobulin (Antibodies) & Transport Globulins

6. Fibrinogen 4%
Functions in clotting (fibrin fibers)
Plasma w/o clotting proteins = serum
Most plasma proteins are formed in the liver

7. B. Formed Elements Produced by Hemopoiesis
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Most abundant blood cell (99.9%)
(1/3 of all cells in the body!)
Contain hemoglobin to
bind & transport O2 & CO2
Mature RBCs have lost most
organelles, including nuclei
& mitochondria

8. Formed by Erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow (adults)
Biconcave disc shape
Thin central region & thicker outer margin
Gives the cell a large surface area so O2 can be absorbed and released quickly
Allows RBCs to form stacks (rouleaux) so they can flow smoothly through narrow vessels
Allows the cells to be flexible and
change shape to flow through
small capillaries
Formed by Erythropoiesis in
the red bone marrow (adults)

9. Sickle Cell Anemia

10. f) Blood Types

11. Just for fun 

12. 3. White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Functions:
Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins, wastes & abnormal or damaged cells
Types:
Neutrophils
50 – 70% of WBCs
Has a segmented nucleus
(2 – 5 lobes)
Function in attacking &
digesting bacteria
Highly mobile

13. Eosinophils
2 – 4 % of WBCs
Attack bacteria, parasites, allergens
Help reduce inflammation
Basophils
<1% of WBCs
Release chemicals to prevent clotting & enhance inflammation

14. WBCs are produced in red bone marrow Monocytes 2 – 8% of WBCs
Large w/ a large bean-shaped nucleus
Turn into phagocytic macrophages
Lymphocytes
20 – 30% of WBCs
Involved in the immune response against foreign cells & tissues (ex. cancer)
WBCs are produced
in red bone marrow

15. 4. Platelets Flat, spindle-shaped cell fragments Functions:
Release enzymes that initiate clotting
Form a temporary plug in damaged vessel walls
Contract to shrink the clot & size of the break

16. III. Hemostasis
Process that prevents the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels
Establishes a framework for tissue repairs

17. C. Steps Vascular Phase Platelet Phase
Smooth muscle fibers of damaged vessel contract
Decreases diameter of vessel to slow or stop blood loss
Platelet Phase
Platelets begin to adhere to the injured area
Platelets aggregate, forming the platelet plug that may close the break

18. Coagulation Phase Clot Retraction Fibrinolysis
Fibrinogen is converted to protein fibers
Fibrin network covers the plug surface
A blood clot forms in the network, sealing off the damaged vessel
Clot Retraction
Platelets contract, drawing the torn edges together
Fibrinolysis
a) Enzymes dissolve the clot

20. Chapter 20

21. I. Cardiovascular System Overview
Pulmonary Circuit- carries blood to & from the lungs
Systemic Circuit- carries blood to & from the rest of the body
Arteries (Efferent Vessels)- carry blood away from the heart
Veins (Afferent Vessels)- carry blood to the heart

22. Capillaries (Exchange Vessels)
Small vessels between arteries & veins
Thin walls permit exchange of nutrients, gasses & wastes between blood & tissues

23. Four muscular chambers:
Right Atrium
Receives blood from the systemic circuit
Right Ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium
Discharges blood into the pulmonary circuit
Left Atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle
Receives blood from the left atrium
Ejects blood into the systemic circuit

28. II. Anatomy of the Heart Position:
Located directly behind the sternum in the mediastinum
Lies slightly to the left of the midline
Sits at an angle
Is rotated toward the
left side

29. Pericardium The heart is located in the pericardial cavity
Pericardium- serous membranes of the cavity
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)- covers the outer surface of the heart
Parietal Pericardium- lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac (surrounds & stabilizes the heart)
Pericardial Fluid- fills cavity & reduces friction

31. Superficial Anatomy Auricle- expandable extension of an atrium
Coronary Sulcus- marks the border between the atria & the ventricles
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus-
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus-
3) & 4) mark the boundary between the left & right ventricles

32. Apex- inferior, pointed tip of the heart
Sulci contain:
Lots of fat
Arteries & veins that supply blood to the cardiac muscle
Base
Superior, attached part of the heart
The great veins & arteries attach here
Apex- inferior, pointed tip of the heart
Random Fact: a typical adult heart measures ~12.5 cm tip-to-base

34. Internal Anatomy & Organization
Interatrial Septum- separates the atria
Interventricular Septum- separates the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Extend into the openings between the atria & ventricles
Permit blood flow in one direction only (atria  ventricles)

35. Superior View (Base)

36. The Right Atrium (R.A.)
Receives blood from the systemic circuit through 2 great veins:
Superior Vena Cava- delivers blood to the R.A. from the head, neck, upper limbs & chest
Inferior Vena Cava- carries blood to the R.A. from the rest of the trunk, viscera & lower limbs
Coronary Veins- carry blood to the Coronary Sinus, which opens into the R.A.

38. The Right Ventricle
Blood travels from the R.A. to the R.V. through the right atrioventricular (AV) valve
AKA Tricuspid Valve
Has 3 flaps (cusps)
Each cusp is attached by CT fibers called Chordae Tendineae
These fibers are attached to the Papillary Muscles
When the muscles contract, the valves close

39. Blood flows from the R.V. through the Pulmonary Semilunar valve to the Pulmonary Trunk into the lungs.

40. The Left Atrium
Blood flows from the lungs into the Pulmonary Veins, then to the L.A.
The L.A. also has an auricle.
The Left Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
AKA the Bicuspid Valve or Mitral Valve
Contains 2 cusps

42. The Left Ventricle Same volume, but thicker walls than the R.V.
Must be strong enough to push blood through the systemic circuit.
Blood leaves the L.V. through the Aortic Semilunar Valve to the Ascending Aorta. Then it goes through the Aortic Arch to the Descending Aorta.

44. Structural Differences between the L.V. and the R.V.
Look at the anatomy, think about the physiology… Isn’t it obvious?!
The R.V. only needs to push blood ~ 6 inches to the lungs.
The L.V. needs to push blood throughout your whole body, which requires 6 to 7 times more force.
The muscular walls of the L.V. are much thicker & stronger than those of the R.V.
The L.V. contracts with so much power that it actually bulges into the R.V.
If the R.V. stops working, the L.V.’s contractions can be enough to push blood into the pulmonary circuit.

46. The Heart Wall Three distinct layers:
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
Myocardium
Muscular wall
Forms both atria & ventricles
Contains cardiac muscle, blood vessels & nerves
Endocardium
Covers inner surface of heart, including valves
Made of simple squamous epithelium (same as inside of blood vessels)

48. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cells are branched and connected by intercalated discs
Discs convey the force of contractions from cell to cell

49. How does it feel? We’re done with notes for the year!!! :)