1. Cardiovascular
Chapter

2. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

3. Cardiovascular System
Heart, vessels, fluid
Transport system
Gas exchange
Nutrients & wastes
Hormones
Regulate body temperature
Makes ………?

4. Cardiovascular System
3 main components:
Pump- heart
Beats approx 100,000 thousand times per day
8,000 liters of blood
Vascular- blood vessels
60,000 miles
Arteries- away from heart
Veins- to the heart
Fluid- blood & components
Fluid= plasma
Fluid connective tissue

8. Circulatory Systems Closed circulatory Capillary beds
Pump, vascular, fluid= Cardiovascular system
Closed space
Continuous flow
High pressure, more efficient
Vertebrates
Capillary beds
anastomose

9. Blood Paths Double circulation system Pulmonary circuit
Flow between heart & lungs
Exchange of CO2 & O2
Systemic circuit
Flow between heart & body
Coronary circuit
Flow to heart muscle

10. Pulmonary Circuit Movement to & from lungs Deoxygenated blood (70%)
becomes oxygenated
blood (98%)
Right side of heart
Pulmonary pump
Pulmonary artery
Blood to lungs
Only artery with deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
Blood to heart
Only vein with oxygenated blood

11. Coronary Circuit

12. Figure: 12-01UN
Title:
Pathway of blood through the body.
Caption:

13. Heart- Artery- Arteriole- Capillary- Venuole- Vein- Heart

14. Blood Mixture of components in solution Fluid component
5 Liters
Fluid component
Plasma
Cellular component (formed elements)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

15. Plasma 55% of blood Matrix of fluid connective tissue
No protein fibers
Dissolved proteins
Plasma denser than water
Contains
Water 90%
Electrolytes
Calcium
Proteins
Serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins (ie fibrinogens)

16. Plasma

17. Cellular Elements 45% of blood Erythrocytes Leukocyte Thrombocytes
Red blood cells
Leukocyte
White blood cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets

18. Platelets Aka thrombocytes Anuclear
Packets of cytoplasm
Function in clotting response work with fibrinogen- fibrin
Form blood clots
Hemophilia
Absence of clotting factors

19. Agglutination

21. Erythrocytes Bulk of blood cells (99.9%) Highly specialized
Hematocrit % of RBC
Highly specialized
Hemoglobin on surface
Transports gases via diffusion
No organelles
High sa/ volume
No cell division

22. Erythrocytes Structure
Concave surface maximizes surface area
Maximizes ability to transport oxygen & carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Heme
Provides flexible to fit through capillaries

24. Red Blood Cell Shape is distensible (Bendy!)

25. Anemia Deficiency in Red blood cells or in Hemoglobin
Reduced ability to transport Oxygen to tissues
Most common blood disorder
Results from
Loss of blood
Injury, menstruation, rbc destruction
Iron deficiency
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic abnormality of hemoglobin
Causes abnormal shape in deoxygenated cells

26. Leukocytes Immune function Larger in size Contains organelles
Fight pathogens
Remove waste, toxins, & abnormal or damaged cells
Larger in size
Contains organelles
Nucleus
No hemoglobin
Many different types
Less abundant in blood stream

27. Leukocytes

28. Leukocytes Migrate in body Found in extracellular matrix
Concentrated in area of infection or disease
Amoeboid movement
Migrate out of the bloodstream
Attracted to chemical signals
Generalized & specialized functions based on cell type
Lymphocytes- specific immunity

30. Clean Up

31. Heart Muscular pump 4 chamber system Valves- regulate flow
Prevents mixing of o/d blood
2 atria- receives
2 ventricles- pumps away
Valves- regulate flow
Uses pressure to circulate blood throughout body

32. Heart Structure 5” X 3.5” X 2.5” (3g) Located in thoracic cavity
Mediastinum- space between pleural cavities
Surrounded by pericardium
Serous membrane
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Base
Broad superior region
Apex
Pointed tip of heart

33. Thoracic cavity

34. Parietal Pericardium

35. Heart wall 3 layers Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
Aka visceral pericardium
Outer surface
Myocardium
Muscular wall of heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
CT, blood vessels, nerves
Concentric layers
Endocardium
Inner surface & valves
Endothelium
Serous membrane

36. Myocardium

37. Epicardium

38. Endocardium

39. Intercalated Disk

40. Heart structure Atria (atrium) Ventricles Superior chambers Smaller
Thinner walls
Receives blood
Ventricles
Inferior chambers
Larger
Thick walls
Pump to body/lungs

42. Great Vessels of Heart Vena Cava Pulmonary artery & vein Aorta
Returns blood to rt atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery & vein
Blood flow to & from lungs
Aorta
Blood to body
Coronary arteries
Blood to heart

43. Coronary Artery

44. Coronary Artery Supplies Myocardium

45. Valves Ensure 1 way flow through heart Allow pressure build up
Open & close passively due to pressure changes
Atrioventricular valves
Valves between atrium & ventricle
Semilunar valves
Right & left (Pulmonary & aortic)
Between ventricle & vessels

46. Heart Valves

47. Atrioventricular Valves
Aka AV valves
Right AV aka tricuspid
Left AV aka Bicuspid
Between atrium & ventricles
Open when heart relaxes
Held closed by Chordae tendinae during contraction
Dense connective tissue
Prevents prolapse
Papillary muscle
Heart murmur

48. Tricuspid

49. Chordae Tendinae & Papillary Muscle

50. Papillary Muscle Anchors Valve

52. Semilunar Valves Between r/l ventricles & arteries
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
Right ventricle to r/l pulmonary artery
Aortic Semilunar valve
Left ventricle to aorta
Close when blood back flows

54. AV Valve Function Valves close via blood pressure
Open when heart relaxed (Diastole)
Close during ventricular contraction (Systole)
Blood pushed up against valve

55. AV Valves Review

56. Semilunar Valve Function
Semilunar valves
Closed during heart relaxation (Diastole)
Ventricular contraction (Systole) increases pressure opens valves
Ventricular relaxation allows blood to fall back- cusp fills & seals valve

57. Semilunar Valve

58. Heart Sounds
Systole
Diastole

59. Heart Murmur

60. Valve Prolapse