1. The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins.)
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes wastes
Pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to release CO2 and pick up O2
Systemic circuit sends oxygenated blood to cells of the body and picks up CO2 from cells.

2. The systemic circuit delivers oxygen to all
body cells and carries away wastes.
Deoxygenated blood
The pulmonary circuit eliminates carbon
dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the
blood.
Oxygenated blood
Oxygenated
blood pumped to
all body tissues
via aorta
Deoxygenated
blood pumped
to lungs via
pulmonary arteries O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2 O2
Alveolus O2 O2 O2
CO2
Oxygenated blood returns
to heart via pulmonary veins
Deoxygenated blood returns
to heart via venae cavae
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

3. The Heart
Pericardium is a dense fibrous connective tissue covering the heart ( sac around the heart)
3 distinct layers underneath pericardium
epicardium-contains coronary arteries and vessels that nourish the heart
myocardium- contains heart muscle tissue
endocardium-contains Purkinge fibers that innervate the heart

4. Pericardial
cavity
Parietal
pericardium
Fibrous
pericardium
Endocardium
Coronary
blood vessel
Myocardium
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)

5. Chambers of the Heart 4 chambers
2 thin walled atria that receive blood from the body
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
2 thick walled ventricles that pump blood to the body
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body

6. Systemic
capillaries
Tissue cells
CO2
Superior
vena cava O2
Pulmonary
artery
Alveolus
CO2
CO2
Alveolar
capillaries
Alveolar
capillaries O2 O2
Alveolus
Pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Left atrium
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
Pulmonary valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aortic valve
Inferior vena cava
Aorta O2
CO2
Systemic
capillaries
Tissue cells

7. Right lung
Left lung
Superior
vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Diaphragm
Left auricle
Right auricle
Cut edge of
fibrous pericardium
Right atrium
Cut edge of
parietal pericardium
Heart (covered by
visceral pericardium)
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pericardial cavity

8. Valves
Pulmonary Valve -prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle as blood is pumped to lungs
Aortic valve -prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
Right Atrioventricular valve (AV) (tricuspid)-prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium from the ventricle
Left Atrioventricular valve (bicuspid or mitral valve)-prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium from the ventricle
VisibleBody

9. Anterior View of Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left auricle
Left coronary artery
Right auricle
Great cardiac vein
Anterior interventricular artery
(left anterior descending artery)
Right coronary
artery
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
Apex of the heart
(a)

10. Posterior View of Heart
Fig13.09b
Posterior View of Heart
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Right pulmonary
artery
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary
veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left auricle
Circumflex artery
Left atrium
Cardiac vein
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Posterior interventricular
artery
Right ventricle
(b)
Apex of the heart

11. Systole/Diastole

12. The Cardiac Cycle
Atrial Systole- contracting atria, relaxing ventricles.
Ventricular systole –contracting ventricles, relaxing atria
Diastole- when the entire heart is relaxing

13. Valves and Contractions of the Heart
Pulmonary
valve closed
Aortic
valve closed
Pulmonary
valve open
Aortic
valve open RA LA
Atrial systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular
systole
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves open LV
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves closed
Ventricular
diastole RV
(a)
(b)

14. Heart Sounds
Due to vibrations in heart tissues as blood rapidly changes velocity within the heart.
Heart sounds can be described as a "lubb-dupp" sound.
First sound (lubb) -ventricles contract and A-V valves are closing
Second sound (dupp)-ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing.

15. Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.

16. Electorcardiogram (a) 1.0 R .5 T P Millivolts Q –.5 S 200 400 600 (b)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
1.0 R .5 T P
Millivolts Q
–.5 S
200
400
600
(b)
Milliseconds

17. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure -force of blood against inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system.
As blood gets further and further from the left ventricle, blood pressure decreases.
Pulse-The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction and can be felt at certain points in the body.
Caused by the expansion and contraction of blood vessels
Systolic pressure- During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its highest.
Diastolic pressure- When ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its lowest.

18. Normal blood Pressure= 120/80 or less

19. Taking Blood Pressure Subject is seated and relaxed.
Wrap the fabric cuff around the upper arm
Locate the brachial artery
Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery so that you can hear Kortokoff sounds

20. Taking Blood Pressure
Close the valve and pump air until the pressure reads 180mmHg.
Open the valve of the bulb slowly until the pressure in the cuff drops at a rate of about 2 or 3 mm Hg per second.
Listen for the sounds from the brachial artery-1st loud tapping sound=systolic pressure.
When sounds suddenly are muffled= diastolic pressure.