1. The Circulatory system is a "closed circulation” Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Systemic Circuit

2. Blood

3. Blood = Plasma + Formed (Cellular) Elements Plasma ~ 55% blood volume ~ 92% of plasma is water High dissolved O 2 content Dissolved proteins Cells ~ 45% blood volume RBCs (~ 99% of cells) WBCs (~ 1% of cells)

4. Albumins –60% of plasma proteins (forms lipoproteins). Proteins in Plasma Globulins –35% of plasma proteins – mostly immunoglobulins. Fibrinogen –For clotting reaction, forms fibrin. * serum = plasma without clotting proteins

5. Cellular Components RBCs (erythrocytes) ~ 99% of all cells. Lacks: nuclei, ribosomes, and mitochondria. Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cellular components. (packed RBC volume) Life span = ~120 days Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

6. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBCs) on the tip of a hypodermic needle.

7. Millions of Hb inside each RBC

8. Normal Red Blood Cells Sickle Cells - Sickle Cell Anemia Anemia – reduction in O 2 carrying capacity of blood.

9. Anemia Hemolytic anemia – Sickle cell anemia Inadequate erythropoiesis –Inadequate nutrition (e.g., iron deficiency) Hemorrhagic anemia –Hemophilia, trauma, ruptured aneurysm

10. Neutrophils 70% of circulating leukocytes –Highly mobile phagocytes. Eosinophils much less common –Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies. Basophils relatively rare –Migrate to damaged tissue, releases histamine. White Blood Cells

11. Monocytes –Migrate into tissues and differentiate into Macrophages - highly mobile phagocytes. Lymphocytes primary cell of lymphatic system T-cells attack foreign cells directly. B-cells produce antibodies. Platelet cells (Thrombocytes) –Fragments of cells (Megakaryocytes) for clotting.

13. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas 20-30% 50-70% 2-8% 2-4% < 1%

15. Blood Vessels

20. MAP Type of Blood Vessel

21. Blood flows down a pressure gradient (  P) Highest at the heart (driving P), decreases over distance. Flow   P / R

22. Resistance Opposes Flow 3 Factors Influence Resistance of fluid flow in Tube: 1) Length of tube (vessel): 2) Viscosity of fluid (blood): 3) Diameter (radius) of tube (vessel):  length =  Resistance  viscosity =  Resistance  radius =  Resistance

23. 3 Types of Capillary Beds 1. Continuous Capillary Bed - have tight junctions - ‘leaky’ capillaries - most common type in the body.

24. 2. Fenestrated Capillary Bed - have ‘pores’ or fenestrations. - more ‘leaky’ than continuous. - specific locations in body: e.g., kidney and synovial joints.

25. 3. Sinusoidal Capillary Bed - open ‘flaps’ in adjacent endothelial cells. - ‘leakiest’ capillary bed. - least common in body: e.g., liver and spleen. - highly convoluted (twisting). - high degree of exchange.

26. Capillaries Venule Ateriole