Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?” There’s no IO, and that’s okay because not every sentence has one. no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between The predicate and DO that tells who received the DO? 1

2 Verbs Commonly Used as Linking Verbs lookseemstay feelappearkeep tastegetturn smellbecomeprove soundgrowremain runresemblego “to be” can FUNCTION as a linking verb ambeen areis bewas beingwere Sentence Patterns S + AV + DO S + AV + IO + DO S + LV + PA S + LV + PN A noun can function as the following parts of a sentence, but can only do one job at a time! subject direct object indirect object predicate nominative object of the proposition An adjective can modify any noun in a sentence and generally comes before the noun it modifies, EXCEPT if it is functioning as a predicate adjective. When an adjective is functioning as a predicate adjective, it follows the linking verbs and describe the subject.

Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?” There’s no IO, and that’s okay because not every sentence has one. no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between the subject and predicate that tells who received the DO? On Friday, Jenny looked exhausted from the long week of testing. Jenny looked YES Jenny = exhausted YES! It describes Jenny Exhausted = PA 3

Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) ALWAYS FOLLOWS A LINKING VERB PN = Predicate Nominative ( ALWAYS a noun/pronoun ) PA = Predicate Adjective (ALWAYS an adjective) You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?” There’s no IO, and that’s okay because not every sentence has one. no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between the subject and predicate that tells who received the DO? Cole became the goalie after Brady’s injury. Cole became YES Cole = goalie YES! It renames Cole goalie = PN 4

Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?” There’s no IO, and that’s okay because not every sentence has one. no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between the subject and predicate that tells who received the DO? Mary tasted her Mom’s chili. Mary tasted YES Mary = chili NO! Mary isn’t chili. Okay, let’s see ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) Mary+tasted +who/what? Yes! chili = DO No, all done. 5

Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?” no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between the subject and predicate that tells who received the DO? Bulldogs defeated NO During the playoffs, the Bulldogs defeated Cannon in double overtime. ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) Okay, let’s see Bulldogs + defeated +who/what? Yes! Cannon = DO No, all done. There’s no IO, and that’s okay because not every sentence has one. 6

Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. Helpful Hint #2 Cross out prepositional phrases. WHY? You will be less likely to confuse the object of the preposition (which is also a noun ‡ ) for the subject, DO, IO or PN. ‡ Or, a pronoun. Find the simple subject and simple predicate. You have a linking verb! A noun ‡ = PN An adjective = PA. Most likely, you have an ACTION VERB. This noun ‡ is your DO! This noun ‡ is your IO! You have an intransitive action verb— no DO. no yes no yes no yes Can the verb function as a linking verb? * Replace the verb with “ = “ Does the adjective or noun ‡ following the verb link back to the subject? Say to yourself, “subject + verb +who or what?”8 no Is there a noun ‡ after the verb that answers this question? *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. *Helpful Hint #1 Use the grammar notes to list verbs commonly used as linking verbs on a note card so you have them handy. Is there a noun ‡ between the subject and predicate that tells who received the DO? Nicole handed NO Nicole handed Lindsay the Expo marker for the grammar exercise. ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) ALWAYS FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB (Transitive) DO = Direct Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) IO = Indirect Object (ALWAYS a noun/pronoun) Okay, let’s see Nicole + handed +who/what? Yes! Expo marker = DO Yes! Lindsay = IO 7