Lecture 2 Chapter 5

Who developed the psychosocial theory with a the first stage as Trust vs. mistrust? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow

Who developed the Theory of Moral Development Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow

Who developed the psychoanalytical theory and coined the 3 functional components of the mind as Id, Ego & Superego? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow

Who developed the cognitive theory about how children learn and coining the terms Schema, assimilation & accommodation? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow

Theories of Growth & Development What is Growth? Increase in physical size Qualitative Objective

Theories of Growth & Development What is Development? Progressive acquisition of skills Qualitative Subjective What is maturation? Attainment of full development of a skill

Directional Terms Cephalocaudal Proximodistal G&D Progresses from: Head (Cephalo)  Tail (Caudal) G&D progresses from: Center (proximal) Extremities (distal) Relating to both head and tail, to the long axis of the body

Genetics vs. Environment Why did my boys play with balls and cars and not dolls and flowers? Because they were born that way Because the environment in which they lived influenced them to like balls more than dolls.

Genetics vs. Environment 2 major influences on G&D Hereditary characteristics Genes Environmental All others

G&D characteristics Simple  complex Continuous Individualized All systems Holistic process

Uniqueness Personality Behavior patterns that distinguish one person from another

Understanding Theories Stages Progressive Ladder effect Regress

Psychoanalytical Theory Father: Sigmund Freud 3 part theory Levels of awareness Components of the personality/mind Psychosexual stages

Freud’s levels of awareness Conscious Sub-conscious Unconscious Became the basis of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis

Level of awareness: Conscious Experiences with in immediate awareness Reality logic

Level of awareness: Subconscious AKA: Preconscious Stores memories, thoughts, feelings that can be recalled with little effort

Level of awareness: Unconscious Part of the mind “closed” to awareness Memories that are painful

Psychoanalytical Theory Father: Sigmund Freud 3 part theory Levels of awareness Components of the personality/mind Psychosexual stages

3 Components of the mind Id Ego Superego

Component of the Mind: Id Body’s basic primitive urges Pleasure Libido (sex drive) Demands immediate satisfaction “I want it NOW!”

Component of the Mind: SuperEgo Judges, controls, punishes Dictates right from wrong Conscience “You can’t have it.”

Component of the Mind: Ego Executive of the mind Compromise “Well, maybe later”

Psychoanalytical Theory Father: Sigmund Freud 3 part theory Levels of awareness Components of the personality/mind Psychosexual stages

Defense Mechanisms To protect one’s EGO AKA: mental mechanisms Techniques used to “cope” Sigmund Freud Short term use / “Adaptive” OK Over use / “Maladaptive”

Defense Mechanism: Suppression Conscious Putting it out of your awareness

Defense Mechanism: Rationalization Most widely used Justify or excuse undesirable action or feelings

Defense Mechanism: Identification Take on the personality traits of another http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=v0iIEg-ub-o

Defense Mechanism: Sublimation Rechanneling/ redirect unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets

Defense Mechanism: Regression Conflict  return to an earlier more developmentally secure stage

Defense Mechanism: Denial Unable to recognize the event or emotions http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=wwGVDmEsi8A

Defense Mechanism: Displacement Transfer emotions from person to object

Defense Mechanism: Projection Blaming mechanism Rejects unacceptable thoughts or feelings and attribute them to another person

Defense Mechanism: Compensation Make up for deficiencies in one area by excelling in another are

Defense Mechanism: Undoing Attempt to make-up for something unacceptable

Defense Mechanism: Reaction formation Overcompensation Unacceptable feelings or thoughts are replaced with opposite feelings or thoughts

Defense Mechanism: Conversion Unconscious anxiety converts into physical symptoms (no organic basis)

Which defense mechanism is it? You are arrested for drunk driving several times but don't believe you have a problem with alcohol. Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? You and your roommate have get into an argument so you stomp off into another room and pout Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? You get really mad at your husband but scream that he's the one mad at you. Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? When you get mad at your sister, you break your drinking glass by throwing it against the wall. Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? When you say you're not angry when you really are. Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? I always study hard for tests and I know a lot of people who cheat so it's not a big deal I cheated this time Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? Intense rage redirected in the form of participation in sports such as boxing or football Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Which defense mechanism is it? You have feelings of dislike for someone so you buy them a gift Suppression Rationalization Identification Sublimation Regression Denial Displacement Projection Compensation Undoing Reaction-formation Conversion

Psychoanalytical Theory Father: Sigmund Freud 3 part theory Levels of awareness Components of the personality/mind Psychosexual stages

Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Conflict  Resolve  Next stage

Oral Stage Birth – 18 months Mouth erogenous area Oral gratification

Anal Stage 18 months – 3 years Learning independence and control Focus on excretory functions

Phallic Stage 3 – 6 years ID with parent of the same gender Develop sexual identity Focus on genitals Oedipus complex Boys unconscious sexual attraction to his mother Tries to get rid of father Electra complex Girl is attracted to her father Tries to get rid of mother

Latency stage 6-12 years Sexuality is repressed Focus on relationships with same sex peers

Genital Stage 13-20 years Libido reawakened Puberty Focus on relationships with member of the opposite sex

Psychoanalytical Theory Father: Sigmund Freud 3 part theory Levels of awareness Components of the personality/mind Psychosexual stages

Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson 8 stages span lifespan Tasks have to be accomplished  h Independence h Self-esteem

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Trust Vs. Mistrust Age Birth – 18 mo. Infancy Major developmental Task Develop trust with mothering figure and generalize it to others Major Question: "Can I trust the people around me?“ Basic Virtue: Hope Important Event: Feeding The trust versus mistrust stage is the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between birth and approximately 18 months of age. According to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a person’s life. Because an infant is entirely dependent upon his or her caregivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the shaping of the child’s personality. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them. When a baby cries, does his caregiver attend to his needs? When he is frightened, will someone comfort him? we know that orphans who weren't held or stroked as infants have an extremely hard time connecting with others when they become adults and have even died from lack of human contact. When these needs are consistently met, the child will learn that he can trust the people that are caring for him. If, however, these needs are not consistently met, the child will begin to mistrust the people around him. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt Age 18 mo – 3 yrs Early Childhood Major developmental Task Gain some control & independence within the environment Major Question: "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" Basic Virtue: Will Important Event: Toilet Training

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Initiative Vs. Guilt Age 3-6 yrs Late childhood Major developmental Task Develop sense of purpose & the ability to initiate and direct own activities Major Question: “Am I good or bad?” Basic Virtue: Purpose Important Event: Exploration, Play

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Industry Vs. Inferiority Age 6 – 12 yrs School age Major developmental Task Develop self-confidence by learning, competing etc. Major Question: "How can I be good?“ Basic Virtue: Competence Important Event: School

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Identity Vs. Role Confusion Age 12 – 20 yrs Adolescence Major developmental Task Integrate tasks mastered & secure sense of self Major Question: "Who am I?“ Basic Virtue: Fidelity Important Event: Social Relationships

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Intimacy Vs. Isolation Age 20 – 30 Young adulthood Major developmental Task Form intense lasting relationship Major Question: "Will I be loved or will I be alone?“ Basic Virtue: Love Important Event: Romantic Relationships

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Generativity Vs. Stagnation Age 30 – 65 yrs Adulthood Major developmental Task Achieve life goals and also considering the welfare of future generations Major Question: "How can I contribute to the world?“ Basic Virtue: Care Important Event: Parenthood & Work

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Ego Integrity Vs. Despair Age 65 yrs – death Old age Major developmental Task To review one’s life and derive meaning Major Question: "Did I live a meaningful life?“ Basic Virtue: Wisdom Important Event: Reflecting back on life

Question: Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior?

Question: At each stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, people experience a(n) _________ that serves as a turning point. Epiphany Conflict Paradigm shift Turmoil

Question: The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with: Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Identity vs. Role Confusion

Question: Erikson believed that people move through a series of _______ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan. Four Eight Ten Twelve

Question: The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with: Trust vs. Mistrust Industry vs. Inferiority Integrity vs. Despair Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question: According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence? Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Intimacy vs. Isolation Identity vs. Role Confusion Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question: Eight-year old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in _____________? Feelings of inferiority A sense of guilt A poor sense of self Mistrust

Question: The central conflict in the eighth stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on integrity vs. despair and involves reflecting back on your life. Those who are unsuccessful at resolving this conflict will look back with regret, anger, and bitterness. Those who are successful will feel a sense of satisfaction with the life they have lived. According to Erikson, those who are successful in this stage emerge with ______________. Hope Fidelity Purpose Wisdom

Cognitive Theory Jean Piaget Intellect & develop thought processes

Cognitive theory 3 Major Concepts Schema Idea’s that grow from experience Assimilation Ability to absorb new information into schemas Accommodation Schemas change with new information skee-muh

A child seeing a zebra for the first time and calling it a horse. The child assimilates this information into her schema for a horse. When the child takes into consideration the different properties of a zebra compared to a horse, perhaps calling a zebra a horse with stripes. When she eventually learns the name of zebra, she has accommodated this information.  

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development SENSORIMOTOR Birth – 2 yrs Major developmental Task Mobility Sense of self Object permanence Form mental images

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Preoperational 2 – 6 yrs Major developmental Task Express self with language Understanding gestures Object permanence

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Concrete operational 6 - 12 yrs Major developmental Task Logical thinking Reversibility & spatiality Differentiate and classify Socializing Apply rules

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Formal operational 12 – 16 yrs Major developmental Task Abstract thinking Testing hypotheses Logical thinking Cogitative maturity

Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking the perspective of another person. This is known as: a) Reversibility b) Egocentrism c) Metacognition d) Constructivism

The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the: a) Concrete Operational Stage b) Sensorimotor Stage c) Formal Operational Stage d) Preoperational Stage

a) Perspective-taking b) Deductive logic c) Inductive logic According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage have difficulty with: a) Perspective-taking b) Deductive logic c) Inductive logic d) Conservation he concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Logic: Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic. Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. Reversibility: One of the most important developments in this stage is an understanding of reversibility, or awareness that actions can be reversed. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. For example, a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal.

Piaget's stages are criticized by some due to: a) His theory was based on an unrepresentative sample of children. b) Not all people reach the formal operational stage or use formal operational thought consistently. c) His theory underestimates children's abilities. d) All of the above.

Jane's mother has two crackers, both of equal size Jane's mother has two crackers, both of equal size. She breaks one of the crackers up into four pieces. Jane says she wants the one with the most and immediately chooses the four pieces, even though the two amounts are equal. Jane's choice illustrates Piaget's concept of: a) Accommodation b) Egocentrism c) False belief d) Conservation

A schema is a: a) Category of knowledge that allows us to interpret and understand the world. b) Process of taking in new information. c) Process of balancing old knowledge and new information. d) None of the above.

Piaget assumed that children are __________ in constructing understanding of the world. a) Passive b) Active c) Neutral d) Bystanders

Jane has learned to feed herself with a spoon Jane has learned to feed herself with a spoon. When her mother gives her a fork, she immediately begins to feed herself. Jane has __________ the fork into her schema for utensils. a) Accommodated b) Appropriated c) Assimilated d) Initiated

Human Needs Theory

Abraham Maslow

Physiological Needs O2 Food Water

Safety Needs Feeling free from danger and risk Secure in one’s own environment

Belonging Feeling worthy of affection and social support

Self-Esteem Feeling competent Strong self-worth

Self-Actualization Meeting one’s full potential

Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Develop moral reasoning as you gain ability to think logically 3 levels of moral development 6 stages of acquired moral reasoning

Kohlberg Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that?

Level: Preconventional Age 4-10 yrs Stage Punishment & obedience oriented Instrumental relativist oriented Behavior motivated by fear of punishment Behavior motivated by egocentrism and concern for self Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) (Paying for a benefit) Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

Level: Conventional Age: 10-13 yrs Stage Interpersonal concordance orientation Law and order orientation Behavior motivated by expectations of others, strong desire for approval & acceptance Behavior motivated by respect for authority

Level: Postconventional Age: adolescence up Stages 5. Social contract legalistic orientation 6. Universal ethical principle orientation Behavior motivated by respect for laws and moral principles Behavior motivated by internalized principles of honor