US HISTORY CH 4

Hamilton’s Program National government acquires debt from revolution Pay back creditors with interest from tariffs placed on imported goods Creation of Bank of the United States, 1 st national bank

Jefferson’s strict construction v. Hamilton’s loose construction Jefferson believes the govt. should not do anything that the constitution did not specifically say it can do Hamilton believes the constitution is a loose framework of laws on which the govt. could build the nation as it saw fit

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION People of France overthrow government Divides people of the United States United States proclaims neutrality

THE WHISKEY REBELLION Farmers angry over tax on whiskey because whiskey was critically important Washington sends out national army to dissolve rebellion Proves to Americans that govt. is committed to enforcing laws

JAY’S TREATY Negotiations between U.S. and Britain Lost a lot of American support

JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS One of first political parties in U.S. Stood for a more democratic republic

JOHN ADAMS AS PRESIDENT France is angry over Jay’s treaty and begins undeclared war between France and the U.S. XYZ Affair – attempt to settle differences U.S. diplomats are met by 3 agents (X,Y, and Z) who suggest a bribe Americans are outraged and deny

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS Alien Act – president can imprison or deport any citizen from another country Sedition Act – any person who wrote, published, or said anything false or malicious about the U.S. govt. would be fined or jailed

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS Many believe Sedition Act violates freedom of speech Debate over who decides whether act of Congress goes beyond the powers stated in the Constitution Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions say that states decide if law was unconstitutional If law is found unconstitutional then states would declare law null and void

ELECTION OF 1800 Jefferson v. Adams Jefferson wins popular vote but Electoral College is undecided House of Representatives appoints Jefferson to replace Adams as president Jefferson appeals to those who prefer local to national govt. Peaceful transfer of power

COURT ISSUES…. Judiciary Act of 1789 – explained organization of the judicial branch of government Judiciary Act of 1801 – decreased the number of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of judges in the circuit courts Before Adams leaves office he appoints new judges to the supreme court known as midnight judges John Marshall – Chief Justice

Jefferson tries to block Adams last minute activities, orders Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver orders to Marbury appointing him as justice of peace Under Judiciary Act of 1789 Court requires Madison to give Marbury the orders Marbury v. Madison

JUDICIAL REVIEW Marshall rules against Marbury saying the courts did not have the power to give this order Establishes judicial review – power of federal courts to review state laws and court decisions

TURNING POINT: THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE Land Act of 1800 – allowed Americans to buy land in small parcels and on credit U.S. wants to buy the city of New Orleans Napoleon is upset and offers to sell all of French claims U.S. gains Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ($11.25 for LP + war debts) Lewis and Clark expedition to survey the land

JEFFERSON’S FOREIGN POLICY After Jay’s treaty expires, relations with Europeans worsen U.S.S. Chesapeake – American ship attacked by British, 21 casualties The Embargo of 1807 – restriction of trade between the U.S. and Europe Ruins Jefferson’s 2nd term because many Americans did not like embargo

WAR IN THE OLD NORTHWEST British Canada helps Native Americans fight against Americans Little Turtle and Blue Jacket defeat Americans General “Mad Anthony” Wayne and Legion of the United States defeat Native Americans at Battle of Fallen Timbers

WAR OF 1812 Native American attacks increase Many blame British Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun “War Hawks” – favored a war with Britain Madison requests declaration of war from Congress because of British impressments – forcing people into military service

LAND WAR Many British Victories Americans win at Battle of Thames

NAVAL WAR At first, Americans win numerous victories at sea Americans defeated on the American warship “Chesapeake” James Lawrence – “Don’t give up the ship” Battle on Lake Erie – American victory Oliver Hazard Perry – “We have met the enemy, and he is ours” British take toll on Americans, blockade American coast Burning of Washington D.C. British invade and burn capitol Washington D.C. Star Spangled Banner is written Continue on through Baltimore

THE WAR ENDS Hartford Convention – called for amendment to increase New England’s political power Treaty of Ghent – restored all boundaries between the U.S. and British territory in North America Battle of New Orleans – victory for the U.S., led by Andrew Jackson, happened 2 weeks after Treaty is signed

Citizens of the U.S. rather than citizens of each individual state

SUPPORTING THE NATIONAL BANK Maryland attempts to get rid of national bank McCulloch v. Maryland – Congress has the right “to make all laws necessary and proper” for carrying out the powers granted to it under the Constitution.

REGULATING COMMERCE Gibbons v. Ogden – federal government has authority over all types of interstate business

NATIONALISM ABROAD President Monroe wants to ease tensions with Britain Concerned that European countries would resume efforts to colonize in Western Hemisphere

MONROE DOCTRINE 1.U.S. would not get involved in internal affairs of European countries, nor take sides in wars among them 2.U.S. recognized the existing colonies and states in Western Hemisphere and would not interfere with them 3.U.S. would not permit any further colonization in Western Hemisphere 4.Any attempt by European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile action toward the U.S. 5.Bold declaration, but U.S. does not have power to enforce