Scania Ethanol vehicles

External causes Solar activity Earth’s orbit Meteorites Internal causes Anthropogenic Emissions of greenhouse gases Particles/clouds Land change Internal causes Natural Feedback Volcanic eruption Chance Climate change

CO 2 emissions still increasing globally …  IPCC: If there is no emission decrease before 2015, global climate will be seriously affected  By 2050, a CO 2 decrease of 80% will be necessary.

…who is left to carry the can? Oiluse % Other sectors Transport sector BAFF

Peak oil

Trend of Transport energy consumption x 3x

15 Years Target AD (B.E ) Ethanol Target 9.0 M.Liter/day Existing 1.0 M.Liter/day Biodiesel Target 4.5 M.Liter/day Existing 1.4 M.Liter/day (ณ เดือน มกราคม 2552) B.E. A.D Ethanol policy in Thailand

Available feedstock for ethanol production in 2018 Cane juice 8.25 M liters/day Molasses 0.31 M liters/day Cassava 1.16 M liters/day 9.72 Total 9.72 M liters/day Source: Office of the Cane and Sugar Board (2008) and Office of Agricultural Economic (2008) Ethanol production

European emission legislation Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Particulate matter (PM) Euro CO 2 = = Fuel consumed

Source: Lloyd Wright – Sourcebook sustainable transport

Sustainable Transport – Available Biofuels Ethanol from sugar cane < 90% Synthetic diesel from biomass < 80% Biodiesel FAME, RME, etc. < 70% Biogas from waste, sewage < 90% These fuels are available today

EthanolFAME/ RME Synthetic diesel BiogasMethanolDMEHydrogen Production capacity +-?-??? Local Emissions +?++?++ CO2/GHG reduction ++?++?- In vehicle +++--?- Handle & store +++--?- Comm. available Yes NoYesNo Fuels - Alternatives

DC9 E02 Ethanol bus engine

Why?  Insecure long-term oil supply  Global warming – cut CO 2 emissions  Legal requirements  Environmental ambitions Transport system improvements Efficient energy converters Alternative fuels Transport system improvements Efficient energy converters Alternative fuels

Scania Ethanol Technology Since 1989: 600 buses supplied mainly to Sweden 1916First ethanol engine 1979First vehicle tests 1985First buses tested in Sweden

Scania Ethanol Engine Passenger car Otto engine E10, E20, E85 Scania Bus Diesel engine ED95

Ethanol engine efficiency Compression ignition means high efficiency! Engine loadEfficiency 25% 32-36% 50% 37-38% 75%37-40% 100%37-41%

 Biggest Renewable Fuel Globally  90 % of all renewable fuel is Ethanol  50 % of research money in renewable fuels related to ethanol  Cars, buses, trucks  E5, E22, E85, ED95, E100  Many possible sources  Sugarcane, beets, wheat, corn, grapes…  Good and bad ethanol (compare with electricity…)  Sugar Cane, Cellulose, Energy Factories  3rd generation  High Environmental Efficiency  % CO 2 -reduction from Sugarcane  Liquid Fuel  Traditional infrastructure/distribution  Long Experience  Brazil  Buses in regular service in Sweden since 1989  Local energy security & Oil dependency Ethanol fuel

Sekab Etamax-D fuel ED95 denomination; not to be confused with E85 (for gasoline engines) It is an alcohol – no lubrication properties Effects –Corrosion of plastics on high temperatures –Same tanks but with different ventilation –It’s a fuel – No drinking or washing

Engine comparison DC9 E02DC9 12  Power: rpm rpm  Torque:1200  Idle:600 rpm500 rpm  Emission level:Euro5, EEVEuro3  Cylinders:5 5  Bore x stroke:127x140 mm 127x140 mm  Compression:28:117:1  Balance shafts:YesYes  Valves per cyl.:4 4  Fuel:ED95Diesel  Injection system:Bosch PDEBosch PDE

Engine DC9 E02 Higher compression ratio 28:1 vs. 17:1 –Pistons, cylinder head valves and valve seats –New turbocharger with a waste-gate –Monorail PDE injectors with different injection volume –EMS calibration is for Ethanol fuel characteristics –Stronger starter due to higher compression

Different pistons to raise compression ratio Larger fuel injection system Ethanol resistant gaskets and sealings Different engine management programming Modifications on Scania Ethanol Engine

Scania’s commitment to sustainability Vehicles, fuels, infrastructure…

20 years experience of Ethanol Buses

Ethanol buses in Stockholm Up to 90% less fossil CO 2 with existing technology Stockholm Public Transport’s goals: Buses on Renewable Fuels: % % %

A complete Sustainable City package Public transport Waste handling Distribution Fuel & Infrastructure

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