1. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008

2. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
CAN “GREEN” BUSES BE PRODUCED LOCALLY ?

3. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
YES!

4. ALTERNATIVE FUEL BUSES
(As of Today)
Diesel / Gas CNG
Gas Engines
- Bio Gas & Natural Gas
Bio Fuel
- Ethanol
Electric Buses
- Battery Power

5. Projects in other Countries
Europe
Poland
Belgium UK
Czech Rp
France
Scandinavia
Sweden
Norway
Finland
SLA
Brazil
Africa
RSA
Asia/Oceania
Australia
Thailand
Projects in other Countries
Czech Rp
Norway UK
South Africa
Some examples of where we now test ethanol vehicles.
In Brazil, both buses and trucks are running today – in the city and at the sugar cane plantations.
The possibility is there to create really sustainable transport solutions by using local sustainable ethanol :
firstly for public transport bus and BRT systems…
..and secondly, also in the ethanol production itself, where trucks can use ethanol, creating a totally green production chain.
Brazil 5

6. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
90 % of World’s biofuel
Local and global fuel
Many feedstocks & forms
Sustainable volume production
3rd party verification
Average CO2 reduction % (EU)
Many feedstocks
Similar to diesel
Fuel quality important
Not for infrequent use
High and low blends
Average CO2 reduction % (EU)
Local waste to fuel
Good for local fleets
Can be combined with CNG
Expensive infrastructure
Average CO2 reduction % (EU)
Scania – and the International Energy Agency - sees only three available biofuels from a commercial perspective.
Ethanol is the World’s number one biofuel
The others are also good biofuels, and will contribute to replacing diesel, but ethanol is often the most cost efficient solution
Summarizing pros and cons of the 3 commercially available biofuels.
Renewable Fuel Sources

7. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Biogas versus natural gas Same methane molecule – but one is fossil, the other renewable 7
Biogas (CBG)
Natural gas (CNG)
- This diagram shows how renewable fuels reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Renewable fuels are made from crops, agricultural waste or other organic material, and when these crops grow they take CO2 from the atmosphere. When the fuel is burned in the vehicle, the CO2 is released back again.
- Biogas is renewable, and natural gas fossil. CNG does not lower CO2 emissions.
- Biogas is still more expensive per km, and most cost efficiently produced from digestion of sludge from waste water plants. If produced from other organic material, it is more costly.

8. Ethanol and Gas vehicles Capital Cost Maintenance and operation
Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Ethanol vehicles use the diesel principle.
Higher efficiency than gas.
Ethanol engine - only small technical
changes as compared to a diesel engine:
Very similar to today’s operation and service program
Better availability of spare parts, etc.
Ethanol vehicles are slightly modified with
a moderate extra cost.
Gas vehicles have a higher extra
purchase cost, mostly due to the special
high pressure tank solution necessary.
Loss of passengers, due to vehicle weight.

9. Engine Technology Ethanol9 9
Engine Technology Ethanol
3rd Generation Ethanol Engine
Based on the 9-litre Euro 4 diesel engine
Certified for EEV emission regulation
Scania modular product system
Same chassis interface as 9-litre diesel
Diesel engine process – compression ignited with high thermal efficiency
Ethanol: up to 43%
Diesel: up to 44%
Proven technology
More than 700 buses sold since 1989
Let’s take a brief look at our technology for ethanol.
We have used ethanol with the DIESEL ENGINE PRINCIPLE to get maximum efficiency. (As compared to most cars, using the Otto (petrol) engine, which is less efficient).
The latest engine generation achieves the same efficiency as a diesel engine.
Ethanol also gives a very clean combustion and achieving low particle and NOx emissions according to the strictest standard Euro 5/EEV is no problem.
The Scania ethanol engine is based on the same platform as the diesel Euro 4 engine. Thus it is possible to convert an ethanol engine to diesel, but only to Euro 4.
Of course part of the modular system, and has the same interface to the chassis as any other 9 l engine.
Background info:
The fuel is 95 % ethanol and 5 % ignition improver
Supply of ignition improver to blend with local ethanol possible
The fuel used is pure ethanol, mixed with 5% ignition improver (this fuel quality is referred to as ED95).
Please note that the fuel mix usually used for passenger cars is 85% ethanol and 15% petrol (a quality generally called E85).
As reported by Stockholm Public Transport, the emission reduction from 20 years of ethanol bus operation are truly impressive. 9 9

10. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Scania Gas Engine 10 10
Otto combustion engine technology with spark plugs and separate ignition coils for each cylinder, charge cooler,
In-line, five-cylinder engine
Diesel engine platform
Four valves per cylinder
Swept volume 9.3 litres
Cylinder diameter 130 mm
Stroke 140 mm
Compression ratio 12.6:1
Firing sequence
EEV certified
Base on the Scania robust diesel engine platform it has new cylinder heads specially designed for gas engine.
This gives the customer the same quality level than all other Scania engines. 10 10

11. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Running Costs

12. Ethanol buses in Stockholm since 1989
Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Ethanol buses in Stockholm since 1989
One of the biggest and most successful renewable fuel projects is the ethanol city buses in Stockholm.
Here Scania has over 20 years of experience of ethanol for heavy vehicles, so let me underline that this is not a new technology – it is a standard product since many years!
Huge reductions of both global and local emissions, and improved air quality has been achieved – using a simple, standard technology! Background info:
More than:
18 million litres of diesel reduced per year
tonnes of fossil CO2 reduced per year, and since certified ethanol is used, reduction of CO2 is up to 90 %.
6 tonnes of PM (particulates) reduced per year, figures from SL 2008
Stockholm Public Transport’s goals:
Buses on Renewable Fuels: % % %
Up to 90% less fossil CO2 with existing technology

13. ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION CALCULATOR
4 X 2 CITY BUSES
SPECIFICATION
Engine: DC9 17, 270 hp
Fuel: DIESEL
Emission Class: Euro 4
Lifetime mileage: ,000km
Fuel consumption: l/km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions
NOx (kg) ,260
HC (kg)
PM (kg)
Global Emission
CO₂ (ton)
SPECIFICATION
Engine: OC9 G04
Fuel: NATURAL GAS
Emission Class: EEV
Lifetime mileage: ,000km
Fuel consumption: Nm /km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions
NOx (kg)
HC (kg)
PM (kg)
Global Emission
CO₂ (ton)

14. ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION CALCULATOR
4 X 2 CITY BUSES
SPECIFICATION
Engine: DC9 E02, 270 hp
Fuel: ETHANOL
Emission Class: EEV
Lifetime mileage: ,000km
Fuel consumption: l/km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions
NOx (kg)
HC (kg)
PM (kg)
Global Emission
CO₂ (ton)
SPECIFICATION
Engine: OC9 G04
Fuel: BIOGAS
Emission Class: EEV
Lifetime mileage: ,000km
Fuel consumption: Nm /km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions
NOx (kg)
HC (kg)
PM (kg)
Global Emission
CO₂ (ton)

15. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Summary
Liquid fuels are more cost efficient than gaseous fuels, both regarding infrastructure, vehicle cost, operation and service
Ethanol operation is similar to diesel operation, is well proven since 20 years, and has been tested successfully in Johannesburg
Ethanol gives the most emission cuts per rand spent of the three major biofuels considered.
Biogas is an interesting option for parts of a city fleet, but it is a big undertaking that requires careful long term planning, qualified project management and long term investment policies.
Bioethanol is the quickest and most cost efficient solution for introduction of green city buses, local fuel security and local jobs in South Africa.

16. COMMUNITY INITIATIVE

17. Community members harvesting the Sweet Beet.
Sweet Beet growing on a community members land.

18. Scania – Sustainable Urban Transport – April 2008
Why Sustainable Transport?
Climate Change
Air Quality
Oil and Energy Security
Congestion
So, there are many drivers for Sustainable Transport. And being a part of the problem is not good for any business…
…so at Scania, we have tried to be a part of the solution for a long time. 18

19. Are you part of the problem or part of the solution?
…and then a picture with a lot of drivers and another one with only one driver… 
Congestion is inherit in many cities – public transport itself is of course the natural remedy.
Source: Lloyd Wright – Sourcebook sustainable transport

20. Thank
you!