Final Honors Biology Exam Review 2014

WARNING!!!!!! This is not a substitute for your own study notes. You are to do your own preparation. I only make a few slides and I can only upload this while I am at school. Preparing for the exam is YOUR responsibility.

CHAPTER 5 Label the Fluid Mosaic Model

ANSWERS Carbohydrate chain glycoprotein phosphate lipid

Matching Which are active and which are passive transport? Diffusion Exocytosis Phagocytosis Osmosis Facilitated Ion pump

Matching Which are active and which are passive transport? Diffusion P Exocytosis A Phagocytosis A Osmosis P Facilitated P Ion pump A

Predict the movement of water with arrows:

ANSWER Remember water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic.

How is the movement of water of osmosis different in plants and animal cells?

Label the diagram: energy from exergonic reactions Energy from endergonic reactions ATP ADP + P

ANSWER

Which are true of enzymes? Proteins Reusable Very general Specific Carbohydrates Speed up a reaction Raise activation energy Lower activation energy

Which are true of enzymes? Proteins Reusable Specific Speed up a reaction Lower activation energy

Label the type of enzyme inhibition

What kinds of endocytosis are present in this diagram?

Label: active site and substrate of an enzyme

ANSWER

CHAPTER 6 Where do these processes occur? Krebs cycle matrix Citric acid cycle matrix Fermentation cytoplasm Glycolysis cytoplasm

Label the Cut and Grooming of Pyruvate

ANSWER

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? ANSWER: Final electron acceptor

Respiratory System Label: Pharynx Larynx Alveoli Diaphragm Lungs Bronchi bronchioles

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? Make water Make glucose Final electron acceptor Excite electrons ANSWER: final electron acceptor

How much ATP does each process make when one glucose is broken down? Glycolysis Krebs cycle ETC and chemiosmosis ANSWER: 2, 2, 34

Which goes with lactic acid fermentation and which goes with alcoholic fermentation? Produces CO 2 Produces product in animal muscles Produces ethanol Produced by yeast

Which goes with lactic acid fermentation and which goes with alcoholic fermentation? Produces CO 2 Alcoholic Produces product in animal muscles Lac Produces ethanol Alcoholic Produced by yeast Alcoholic

What products are made at the end of glycolysis of glucose? FADH 2 ATP NADH NADPH ADP Pyuruvate OAA

What products are made at the end of glycolysis of glucose?

For each molecule of glucose broken down, how many are formed in Krebs cycle? ATP 2 NADH 6 FADH 2 2 CO 2 4

What process regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue? Fermentation

In what organelle do these take place? Cellular respiration Mitochondrion Photosynthesis chloroplast

Find the oxidation and reduction in the cellular respiration equation:

FIND: ETC, H+ ions collection, reduction of NADH2, chemiosmosis, water forming

ANSWER

CHAPTER 7 Convert 400 calories to kilocalories And to Calories: ANSWER: 0.4 kilocalories of 0.4 kilocalories

Label the leaf and chloroplast:

ANSWER

What is the chemical equation to photosynthesis?

How do the equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration compare?

What is produced at the end of PSI and PSII? Water Oxygen NADPH NADH ADP ATP Glucose

What is produced at the end of PSI and PSII? Oxygen NADPH And ATP at the end of chemiosmosis

Which enzyme allows for the carbon fixation of CO 2 in the Calvin Cycle? Helicase Calvinase Carbase Rubisco ANSWER: rubisco

In the LDR where do the H+ ions accumulate? Matrix Stroma Thylakoid interior Inner membrane space ANSWER: thylakoid interior (lumen)

The changing of unusable carbon into usable carbon is known as: Glycolysis Fixation Respiration Carbonation ANSWER: fixation

What is the ATP synthase used for? H+ ions pass through this enzyme complex to turn and cause P to join ADP to make ATP. Where is an ATP synthase found? In membrane of thylakoid disk and also the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Label the following:

ANSWER

What pigments are absorbed and reflected of chlorophyll a? Absorbed: Blue and red Reflected Green and yellow

Which gas contributes the most to the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water vapor Nitrogen ANSWER: carbon dioxide

CHAPTER 8 Cell Division Check if it refers to A = asexual reproduction or S = sexual reproduction. Two offspring makes gametes Four offspring meiosis Diploid to diploid mitosis Diploid to haploid One parent Two parents

CHAPTER 8 Cell Division Check if it refers to A = asexual reproduction or S = sexual reproduction. Two offspring A makes gametes S Four offspring S meiosis S Diploid to diploid A mitosis A Diploid to haploid S One parent A Two parents S

Match the genetic structure: Loose DNA + protein Chromatin Paired, tightly coiled, identical DNA + protein Chromatids Single strand of somewhat coiled DNA + protein chromosome

What are the phases of mitosis? Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Identify the phases of mitosis:

anaphase telophase prophase metaphase

Which happens in prometaphase of mitosis? Nuclear envelope dissolves Single chromosomes move to the poles Sister chromatids are tightly coiled Nuclear envelope reforms Centrioles are moving to the poles Mitotic spindles form

Which happens in prometaphase of mitosis? Nuclear envelope dissolves Sister chromatids are tightly coiled Centrioles are moving to the poles Mitotic spindles form

How is cytokinesis different in plants than in animal cells? ANIMALS: Cleavage Furrow PLANTS: Cell Plate

What makes the chromatids move to opposite poles? Spindles shorten Centrioles shorten Nuclear envelope pinches them ANSWER: spindles shorten

What causes cells to stop growing in a Petri dish? Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Density-dependent inhibition Anchorage dependence ANSWER: density-dependent inhibition

Which might be true of cancer cells? Unable to replicate Stopped in metaphase Continue to divide ANSWER: continue to divide

Label the Cell Cycle

1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4. prophase 5.metaphase 6. anaphase 7.telophase 8. cytokinesis

Where does the type of cancer come from? Carcinoma Skin or lining of digestive tract Sarcoma Bone or muscle Lymphoma Lymph system Leukemia Bone marrow

What is the homologous chromosome?

If given the haploid number, what is the diploid number? N = 5 2N = 10 N = 23 2N = 46

What phases of meiosis are these?

Metaphase II Metaphase I prophase I anaphase II

How many possible combinations are there of chromosomes in meiosis if haploid number is 4? Remember 2 N So… 2 4 = 16

Which is not a source of genetic variability? Crossing over in meiosis I Random fertilization Independent orientation of chromosomes Mitosis ANSWER: mitosis

What genetic disorder?

Explain these:

Which are Mendelian genetics? Dominant and recessive Law of segregation Codominance Incomplete dominance Homozygous and heterozygous pleiotropy

Which are Mendelian genetics? Dominant and recessive Law of segregation Homozygous and heterozygous

What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of this cross? A = agile a = clumsy

What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of this cross? Genotypic: AA : Aa : aa 1 : 2 : 1 Phenotypic: Agile : clumsy 3 : 1

Cross RrFf X RrFf Phenotypic ratio: R = red R = white F= fancy f = plain

Red Fancy 9 Red Plain 3 White fancy 3 White plainn 1

The fertilization of an egg with a sperm forms: Fetus Zygote Parent cell Umbilical cord ANSWER: zygote

Which scientist did this? Used radioactive P and S in bacteriopage viruses to determine DNA was the genetic material? Avery Watson and Crick Hershey and Chase Rosalind Franklin Irwin Chargaff

Which scientist did this? Used radioactive P and S in bacteriopage viruses to determine DNA was the genetic material? Hershey and Chase

Which scientist did this? Won a Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA? Avery Watson and Crick Hershey and Chase Rosalind Franklin Irwin Chargaff

Which scientist did this? Won a Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick and Wilkins

How will I know if Fluffy is FF or Ff? Cross her with ff and see if the homozygous gene appears.

What is the probability of an offspring of AaBbCc? Parents are: AaBbCc X aaBBCc What Law will solve this?

What is the probability of an offspring of AaBbcc? Parents are: AaBbCc X aaBbCc Aa = ½ Bb = ½ 1/ 16 cc = ¼ LAW OF MULTIPLICATION

If you crossed a Black dog with a White dog and Got a Gray Dog it is… Codominance Complete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Recessiveness ANSWER: Incomplete Dominance

II-3 in the below family has two brothers and three sons with classical hemophilia (factor VIII deficiency). Now she is pregnant again. How likely is it that this child will also have hemophilia? A. 100% for a son and 50% for a daughter B. 100% for a son, zero for a daughter C. 50% for a son, zero for a daughter D. 50% for both sons and daughters E. 25% for a son and zero for a daughter ANSWER: C do Punnetts for X C X c X X C y

Do a Cross of two Achrondroplasia parents: What are their chances of having a normal height child?

2 Achondro parents Normal = aa = ¼ Or 1/3 of possible living births

What are linked genes? Those that are on the same chromosomes and are inherited together.

Cross a color-blind father with a heterozygous normal sight mother:

ANSWER

Calculate the Recombination Frequency of: The fruit fly offspring had the following phenotypic distribution: wild type = 778 black-vestigial = 785 black-normal = 158 gray-vestigial = 162 What is the recombination frequency between these genes for body color and wing type. SOLUTION LINKSOLUTION

Which enzyme uncoils the spiral of DNA? Helicase Topoisomerase Ligase DNA polymerase ANSWER: Topoisomerase

What holds the DNA strands apart so the nucleotides can enter the open DNA? DNA polymerase Helicase SSB’s Helicase ANSWER: SSB’s

What makes up mature mRNA? Introns only Exons only Both introns and exons ANSWER: exons only

What is the complementary strand of DNA? A T T C C G ANSWER: T A A G G C

If GCT is the original DNA, What is the complementary mRNA? ANSWER: CGA What is the complementary tRNA? ANSWER: GCU

What is Chargaff’s rule? A. amounts of A=T and C=G B. amounts of A=C and G=T C. amounts of A=G and C=T D. amounts of A, T, C, and G are equal ANSWER: A

What amino acids do these form? AUG CCG UAC CCC UAG Methionine - proline - tyrosine - proline- STOP

Where is the sugar? The phosphate? The nitrogenous bases?

Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base

Which of the following is a purine? Uracil Thymine Cytosine Adenine ANSWER: adenine

Which of the following is correct for RNA? Double stranded Single stranded Contains uracil Contains thymine Can be found only in the nucleus Can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Which of the following is correct for RNA? Single stranded Contains uracil Can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Which infection forms a prophage? Lysogenic Lytic ANSWER: lysogenic

What do you call the 3 bases of: DNA - mRNA - tRNA ANSWER: triplet - codon - anticodon

Identify the parts of protein synthesis:

ANSWERS

What is the mutation? ORIGINAL DNA: AAA AUG CCC CUA MUTATION: AAA GUA CCC CUA A. insertion B. deletion C. translocation D. inversion ANSWER: inversion

Which mutations will be inherited? A. from both somatic and sex cells B. from only sex cells C. from only somatic cells ANSWER: B

What would be the DNA bases to join these single strands? A T T C C G T A A G G C G C T A ANSWER: A T T C C G C G A T T A A G G C G C T A

What process separate DNA according to size and charge? A. PCR B. gel electrophoresis C. cloning D. probing ANSWER: gel electrophoresis

What is the definition of evolution? A. change in a population over time B. process in which an organism becomes extinct C. reproductive isolation of members of certain species D. replacement of one community by another ANSWER: A

Scientific age of the Earth A. 60,000 years old B. 4.5 million years old C. 4.5 billion years old ANSWER: C

Define homologous structures: A. same structures, same functions, same origins B. same structures, different functions, same origins C. different structures, same functions, same origins D. different structures, same functions, different origins ANSWER: B

Inherited traits that help an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment is called: A. adaptations B. mutations C. petrification D. evolution ANSWER: A

If you have a large number of differences of amino acids in a protein found in two different species suggest that: A. they evolved in similar environments B. they are closely related C. the are distantly related to one another D. they are the same species ANSWER: C

What is a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offsping? A. POPULATION B. SPECIES C. COMMUNITY D. ECOSYSTEM Answer: SPECIES

If A=.7 and a=.3, what is the frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals? A..49 B..09 C..42 D. 1 ANSWER: A HINT: USE YOUR HARDY- WEINBERG EQUATION

Which graph is showing directional evolution? A. B. C. ANSWER: A

Darwin did not know about: A. fossils B. genes C. gene flow D. artificial selection ANSWER: B

Which phylogenetic tree shows the most diversity? A B C ANSWER: C

What are same structures, same origin, different function? A. homologous B. analagous ANSWER: homologous

Which scientist wrote the “Origin of Species” and agrees with gradualism? Stephen Jay Gould Lyell Charles Darwin ANSWER: Darwin

Which graph shows stabilizing selection?

What is genetic drift? The movement of alleles in and out of a population. The change in the frequency of alleles in a population. Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. ANSWER: Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.

What is the criteria for a new speccies? Must look alike Must be able to mate Must be able to mate and have fertile offspring ANSWER: Must be able to mate and have fertile offspring

What do we call when many species form from an ancestral one due to their adaptations to the environment. Adaptive radiation Coevolution Convergent evolution ANSWER: adaptive radiation

Which is allopatric and which is sympatric evolution?