Tushar Jois European History AP Kinberg December 22, /18

Click on a box to go to that topic, or click anywhere to continue in chronological order. The Peace of Prague Rudolf II promises toleration for Bohemian Protestants The Battle of White Mountain Bohemians rebel against Emperor Ferdinand II King Christian IV of Denmark enters the War 1626 Albrecht von Wallenstein raises an army of mercenaries 1629 The Edict of Restitution is issued 1631 Sweden enters the war 1632 The Battle of Lützen The Battle of Rocoroi 1648 The Peace of Westphalia France, Holland, and Savoy enter the war Legend Bohemian Phase Danish Phase Swedish Phase French-International Phase (Chambers 437)

 The Peace of Augsburg – 1555  Each prince is allowed to choose Roman Catholicism or Luthernaism for their territory - cuius regio, eius religio ▪ Dissenters were allowed to emmigrate ▪ Free cities – practice one of the two  Calvinists and others were ignored ▪ Formed a delicate peace between Protestants and Catholics  Ecclesiastic Reservation: all clergy who converted after 1552 were to forfeit their positions (“Augsburg”)  Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor  Considered by most to be a crazed lunatic, because of his intense pursuit of alchemy ▪ Hapsburgs tried to give the authority to Matthias  Both then began to compete for the favor of the nobility ▪ Rudolf conceded Austria, Hungary to Matthias, but kept Bohemia  Rudolf needed to retain the support of the Bohemian estates ▪ Issued a Letter of Majesty that granted toleration to Protestants  Rudolf soon became fed up with the restrictions on his power, and raised an army ▪ Could not overcome both Matthias, Bohemian nobility; deposed in 1611 ▪ Matthias, a moderate, become Holy Roman Emperor (Sommerville) Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1592 (Heintz) Back to Timeline 3

 Delicate peace between Protestants and Catholics shatters when Holy Roman Emperor Matthias dies  Successor: Ferdinand II (formerly Archduke of Styria) ▪ Ardent Catholic: limited religions freedoms, persecuted Protestants and Jews (“Thirty,” Gale)  Protestant nobility decided that something had to be done  23 May 1618: Nobles throw two of Ferdinand ’s confidants out the window of Hradcany Castle, Prague ▪ The men survive this “defenestration of Prague,” but it sends a message to the Catholic rulers (“Thirty,” Arts 344)  August 1619: Estates of Bohemia depose Ferdinand, elect Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate, as a rival king ▪ Leader of the Calvinists of Germany and married to the daughter of King James of England, so he is expected to draw significant support (Asch 30) Hradcany Castle (ŠJů) Part 1/2 4

 The Hapsburgs were better prepared in the early stages  Frederick received no assistance from King James, due to a reluctant aristocracy ▪ The Dutch (who were fighting the Spanish Hapsburgs already) were only able to provide a money subsidy and a few thousand men, led under Christian Anhalt  Maximilian of Bavaria lends his Catholic League force [Thirty- thousand men] to Ferdinand ▪ Army is thirty-thousand strong, led by Count von Tilly Portrait of Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly (De Jode). Part 2/2 5 Back to Timeline

 The two armies prepared for battle near White Mountain (Bílá Hora), Prague  Anhalt’s position was fortified and defensible ▪ Due to the lack of training, Anhalt’s men were massacred by Tilly’s well-trained army  Frederick V, now the “Winter King,” went into exile ▪ Result gave the Spanish time to reconsolidate its holdings, namely the fort at Breda (“Thirty,” Gale) The Battle of White Mountain (Dahlstrom). 6 Back to Timeline

 King Christian IV of Denmark stops Tilly’s advance into Northern Germany in 1625  Had this power as the Duke of Holstein – a prince of the empire ▪ Wanted to secure parts of northern Germany for his family and descendants ▪ Mobilized the Imperial Circle of Lower Saxony (Reichskreis) for the Protestant cause  Counted on support from the Netherlands and England ▪ Crushed at Lutter am Barenberge [1626] by an Imperial Army led by Albrecht von Wallenstein (Asch ) Albrecht von Wallenstein The Lower Saxon Reichkreis (Map of) Christian IV of Denmark (Isaacsz). 7 Back to Timeline

 Well-educated Bohemian nobleman and military entrepreneur  At the beginning of the Bohemian rebellion, Wallenstein moved to Vienna ▪ Raised an army of armored cavalry (cuirassiers) ▪ Won various distinctions and estates from the emperor for his raw fighting power  Wallenstein exploited the political uncertainty of the time ▪ Won back his original estates, and consolidated them into his own Duchy of Friedland ▪ Used pillaging as a form of bloodless warfare, one that targeted specific towns to undermine the enemy – “Total War”  1626, Ferdinand II commissioned him to raise an army against the DanesFerdinand II  Recruited over thirty-thousand men in less than a year (Asch 31) 8 A portrait of Albrecht von Wallenstein (Van Dyck) Back to Timeline

 Wallenstien defeated the Danish forces led by Ernst von Mansfeld  Forced Demark from the war  Ferdinand soon recalled Wallenstein due to fears of his military power (“Thirty,” Arts 344)  Ferdinand released the Edict of Restitution when Denmark left the war  It returned all lands taken from the Church since the Peace of Augsburg (1555)Peace of Augsburg ▪ Enforced Ecclesiastic Reservation  Its ratification frightened the rest of Europe as it brought into view the scope of Ferdinand’s ambitions ▪ A de facto ban on Protestantism (“March”) 9 A reproduction of the Edict of Restitution (Luca) Back to Timeline

 To undermine the Spanish Hapsburgs, France provided subsidies to allow Sweden to enter the war, as a proxy against the Austrian Hapsburgs  Brandenburg and Saxony, previously neutral states, backed Sweden because of the Edict and because of Tilly’s advance through GermanyEdict  Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, enters the war early 1631  Military Genius ▪ Three-ranked cavalry which fired once but used sabers ▪ Used barrage fires, rotating salvos to give the artillery an active presence in the fighting ▪ Improved logistical systems to pay for his large stranding army  Needs to assert the control of his dynasty, the Vasas ▪ Ousted the older, Catholic dynasty in 1590 (Asch 32) 10 Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (Walter).Battle of Breitenfeld Back to Timeline

 Adolphus wins a decisive victory over Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631  Sweden’s advance into Southern Germany forced the emperor to call Wallenstein to command the armyWallenstein  16 November 1632: Lützen  Wallenstein accidentally scatters his army into smaller scouting regiments, thinking Adolphus has entered winter quarters ▪ Finds out about Swedish advance, and begins to reform army  Wallenstein sets fire to Lützen to delay the advance, makes a cavalry charge ▪ Adolphus responds with a cavalry charge of his own that gets him killed  Swedes rally behind Lt. Axel Oxenstierna and defeat Wallenstein’s army ▪ Both sides suffer severe casualties, but a decisive Swedish victory (“November”) 11 The Battle of Lützen (Wahlbrom) Back to Timeline

 Wallenstein was assassinated on emperor's orders for his incompetence  Spain sent a new army to Germany commanded by one of Phillip IV’s brothers, the Cardinal Infante Ferdinand ▪ Rendezvoused with an army commanded by the future Ferdinand III  The combined forces crushed the Swedes at Nördlingen ▪ Forced the moderate Lutherans of Saxony to the peace table  Result: The Peace of Prague  Did not revoke the Edict of Restitution; Suspended it for forty yearsEdict of Restitution ▪ North, East Germany relatively safe, but no settlement in the Palatinate, Wüttemberg  Increased the emperor's power ▪ Commander-in-chief of all forces of the empire; only Saxony and Bavaria could keep separate armies – with permission  Overall a failure ▪ Most Germans, princes resented its terms; did not buy out the Swedes with land (Asch 31) 12 The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (De Crayer) Back to Timeline

 Early 1640s: Europe was on the brink of total socioeconomic devastation  None of the combatants were willing to withdraw ▪ They wanted compensation for their protracted exertions  The French had intended their involvement in the war to be passive  The result of Nördlingen threatened French interestsNördlingen ▪ The French Prime minister, Cardinal Richeleu, declares war on the Spanish Hapsburgs  French Commander: Louis II de Bourbon Duc d’Enghien ▪ Young man of great promise (“Thirty,” Gale)  England, Holland, Savoy also enter the war on the Swedish side  Spanish in a disadvantageous position  Naval defeats against the Dutch  Catalonia, Portugal declare independence  Result: Spain no longer able to fund central European warfare ▪ The new emperor Ferdinand III all on his own 13 A portrait of Louis II de Bourbon Duc d’Enghien (Teniers). Back to Timeline

 25,000-man Spanish army led by Francisco de Melo advances into France in 1643  Enghien proceeds to confront the invading force with his 23,000-man army ▪ Both armies meet at the city of Rocroi  19 May 1643: Rocroi  Both armies position themselves in the almost exact same way ▪ Infantry in the center, guns forward, cavalry on each flank (Enghien had a cavalry reserve in the rear)  Battle opens with a successful French calvary charge ▪ Spanish charges are warded off by the reserves  The well-prepared French broke the Spanish line and scattered them ▪ After that it was merciless slaughter ▪ Ended Spanish ambitions in central Europe (“Thirty,” War) 14 The troop positions at Rocroi (Map showing) Back to Timeline

 Earlier peace talks have failed  Pope Urban VIII (1636), Ferdinand III (1640) ▪ They did not include all parties involved  All convened in Westphalia  Imperial negotiators arrived in July 1643 ▪ The French, other countries’ delegations arrived in 1644  Negotiations did not start untill 1645 ▪ The delegates were bickering about protocol  Negotiations ended 24 October 1648 ▪ France’s and Sweden’s military dominance gave them the most land from the peace  The Peace of Westphalia (full text)full text  Granted Calvinists of the empire a degree of toleration ▪ Calvinism was added to the religions of the Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg ▪ The principle of cuius regio, eius religio: “Whose realm, his religion”  No major losses or gains of land, but there were certain conditions…land ▪ The Spanish could never recapture the United Provinces ▪ There could never be an absolute ruler over all of Germany ▪ The Catholics must acknowledge that Protestantism is here to stay (Sommerville) 15 Click anywhere to continue… Back to Timeline The delegates at the Congress of Westphalia (Ter Borch)

 France managed to weaken the emperor’s power; they gained land west of the Rhine and some land along the Spanish border  Sweden acquired West Pomerania, giving it access to the river Oder, and Bremen, the prosperous port city; they also received land from their previous conquests in north- eastern Europe  Brandenburg-Prussia received East Pomerania some scattered bishoprics  The Emperor was forced to recognizes the independence of Switzerland and the United Provinces, along with constitutional limitations of his reign  Effectively made all German states sovereign  The Palatinate was split: the Lower Palatinate was returned to the descendant of Frederick V, Karl Ludwig, and the Upper Palatinate was retained by Bavaria  The Hapsburgs were the main losers (Sommerville) (Territorial)

 The Western Tradition: The Wars of Religion The Western Tradition: The Wars of Religion  Hank’s History Hour: The Thirty Years’ War Podcast Hank’s History Hour: The Thirty Years’ War Podcast  A good student-made summary video A good student-made summary video  BBC Audio Documentary BBC Audio Documentary  A college level website for reviewing important events from the war A college level website for reviewing important events from the war  Directory Listing of all websites regarding the Thirty Years’ War Directory Listing of all websites regarding the Thirty Years’ War All links used under a fair use license 17

Asch, Ronald G. "Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 6. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Dec "Augsburg, Peace of." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press, Web. 22 Dec Chambers, Mortimer. The Western Experience. Boston: McGraw-Hill, Print. Dahlstrom, C.A. The Battle of White Mountain. N.d. Giclee Print. Mary Evans Picture Library/Alamy, n.p. De Crayer, Gaspar. Kardinal-Infant Ferdinand Von Österreich. Digital image.File:Kardinal-Infant Ferdinand Von Österreich.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 5 Feb Web. 22 Dec De Jode, Pieter, II. Portrait of Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly. Digital image. File:Johann Tserclaes Tilly.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 24 Apr Web. 22 Dec Heintz, Joseph, D.ä. Porträt Des Kaisers Rudolf II. Digital image. File:Joseph Heintz D. Ä. 002.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 19 May Web. 22 Dec Isaacsz, Pieter. Christian IV Oil on panel. Museum of National History, Frederiksborg Castle. Luca, Stefano. Edict of Restitution (copy). Digital image. File:Editto Di Restituzione (1).JPG. Wikimedia Commons, 27 Mar Web. 22 Dec Map of the Imperial Circles after the Transaction of Augsburg (1548). Digital image.File:Map of the Imperial Circles (1560)-EN.svg. Wikimedia Commons, 29 July Web. 22 Dec Map showing the Battle of Rocroi. Digital image. File:Battle Rocroi.png. Wikimedia Commons, 10 Feb Web. 22 Dec "March 6, 1629." A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. Vol. 2: Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Dec "November 16, 1632." A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. Vol. 2: Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Dec Teniers, David, The Younger. Le Grand Condé. Digital image. File:Grand- conde.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 25 Jan Web. 22 Dec Ter Borch, Gerard. Ratification of the Peace of Münster between Spain and the Dutch Republic in the Town Hall of Münster, 15 May Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Amsterdam. File:The Ratification of the Treaty of Munster, Gerard Ter Borch (1648).jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 19 Mar Web. 22 Dec Territorial_Changes_1648_166. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, PDF. "The Thirty Years' War and Its Aftermath." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Ed. Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. Vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment Detroit: Gale, Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Dec "Thirty Years War (1618–1648)." Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Dec ŠJů. Pražský hrad, od Velké strahovské zahrady. Digital image. File:Pražský Hrad, Od Velké Strahovské Zahrady (01).jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 14 Oct Web. 22 Dec Sommerville, J.P. "30 Years War." Seventeenth Century Europe. University of Wisconsin–Madison, n.d. Web. 22 Dec Van Dyck, Anthony. Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland and Mecklenburg. Digital image. File:Albrecht Von Wallenstein.jpeg. Wikimedia Commons, 8 Oct Web. 22 Dec Wahlbom, Carl. Battle of Lützen (1632). Digital image. File:Battle of Lutzen.jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 6 Aug Web. 22 Dec Walter, Johann. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden at the Battle of Breitenfeld. Digital image.File:Gustave Adolphe at Breitenfeld-Johann Walter- f jpg. Wikimedia Commons, 4 Aug Web. 22 Dec Back to Timeline