Nationalism in Europe How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe? Ottoman Empire Germany Italy Austria- Hungary Russia

A. 1830: Louis-Philippe now King of the French 1. Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!) B. Radicals create another constitution  president shares power w/ the assembly, Monarchy abolished (again) I. Radicals in France C. 1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) as their president… 4 yrs later becomes Emperor 1. Emp. Napoleon III industrializes France and creates jobs 2. Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses to Prussia

II. What is Nationalism? 1. Culture – shared way of life B. Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture 1. Pos –overthrow absolute rule 2. Neg –extreme nationalism leads to war 1. Culture – shared way of life 2. History -a common past 6. Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry 3. Language-shared communication A. Nation 4. Territory – land belongs to group 5. Religion- shared by most

III. Nationalist Thought A. Political thought in 1800s Europe: 1) Conservatives – no change: no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners) 2) Liberals – some change: educated vote, more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants) 3) Radicals – drastic change: all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers) B. Liberals & Radicals are Nationalists who think loyalty should be to your nation, not a king (esp. foreign king) C. 1827, 1848: Nationalist Revolutions breakout in Europe

IV. Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule A)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks 1. Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic-speaking Balkans 2. Revolutions in Greece (1827)& Balkans (1860s) LOSS 1827 3. Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all B) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs 1. Czar Nicholas I begins Russification  forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire 2. Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses 3. Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

1866 1848 1866 1866 C) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs 1. The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups 2. 1848: Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting with the Czechs. 1866: Hungary attempts to split from Austria 3. Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary 4. 1866: Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia in the Seven Weeks War 1866 1848 1866 1866

V. Nationalism Unifies Italy A.1800:Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement B.1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister C.1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy D. Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region Camillo di Cavour Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II

E. 1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi 1. Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies F. Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy G. Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister H. 1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states I. Pope still controlled the Vatican but Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Garibaldi Rome Pope Pius XI

VI. Nationalism Unifies Germany A. 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia B. Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia C. Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM 1. Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical) 2. Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Wilhelm I 3. Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states Weak will be devoured by the strong! a) 1864: Bismarck convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark Schleswig-Holstein Otto von Bismarck

Confederation of North German States b) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian- controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States c) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states Confederation of North German States 1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III d) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany D. Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister)