Class XIII: Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Dr. Esa Autero LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class XIII: Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Dr. Esa Autero

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs 1.1 Introduction Weak verbs – verbs w/ one or more weak root consonants Causes changes in vocalization or consonantal spelling Changes identifiable only by comparison with the strong verb forms Master the Qal pf. verb paradigm and vocabulary Identify the root and possible changes *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs 2.1 I-Guttural, II-Guttural and III-ח/ע Weak verbs I-Guttural verbs have a guttural as the first root consonant עָמַד “to stand” II-Gutturals have a guttural for the second root consonant בָּחַר “to choose” III-ח/ע verbs have either ח or ע for the third root consonant לָקַח “to take” or שָׁמַע “to hear” Changes in I-Gutturals and II-Gutturals are minor Gutturals don’t take vocal Shewa but prefers reduced a-vowel, hateph pathach *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs I-Guttural II-Guttural* III-ח/ע Strong 3ms עָמַד בָּחַר שָׁמַע קָטַל 3fs עָֽמְדָה בָּחֲרָה שָׁמְעָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms עָמַדְתָּ בָּחַרְתָּ שָׁמַעְתָּ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs עָמַדְתְּ בָּחַרְתְּ שָׁמַעַתְּ קָטַלְתְּ 1cs עָמַדְתִּי בָּחַרְתִּי שָׁמַעְתִּי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp עָֽמְדוּ בָּחֲרוּ שָֽׁמְעוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp עֲמַדְתֶּם בְּחַרְתֶּם שְׁמַעְתֶּם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp עֲמַדְתֶּן בְּחַרְתֶּן שְׁמַעְתֶּן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp עָמַדְנוּ בָּחַרְנוּ שָׁמַעְנוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ *to choose

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs III-א Strong 3ms מָצָא קָטַל 3fs מָֽצְאָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms מָצָאתָ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs מָצָאת קָטַלְתְּ 1cs מָצָאתִי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp מָֽצְאוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp מְצָאתֶם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp מְצָאתֶן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp מָצָאנוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ 2.2 III-א Weak verbs Weak consonant א as the third root consonant מָצָא “to find” א is silent in nearly every inflected form – changes in vocalization Memorize changes Notes and observations – Daghesh drops All III-א and III-ה follow the pattern Stem vowel (under 2nd consonant) changed from Pathach to Qamets except in 3fs/3cp No silent Shewa due to quiescent א *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs III-ה Strong 3ms בָּנָה קָטַל 3fs בָּֽנְתָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms בָּנִיתָ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs בָּנִית קָטַלְתְּ 1cs בָּנִיתִי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp בָּנוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp בְּנִיתֶם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp בְּנִיתֶן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp בָּנִינוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ 2.3 III-ה Weak verbs Third root consonant is weak ה Most significant change – loss of ה in every form Comments and observations Same pattern as in III-א verbs ה in 3ms is mater lectionis (vowel letter) Unusual use of ת in 3fs Distinct stem vowel י in all 1st & 2nd forms Loss of Daghesh Lene as in III-א forms *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs III-ה/Gutt III-ה/I-Gutt Strong 3ms רָאָה עָלָה קָטַל 3fs רָאֲתָה עָֽלְתָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms רָאִיתָ עָלִיתָ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs רָאִית עָלִית קָטַלְתְּ 1cs רָאִיתִי עָלִיתִי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp רָאוּ עָלוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp רְאִיתֶם עֲלִיתֶם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp רְאִיתֶן עֲלִיתֶן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp רָאִינוּ עָלִינוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ 2.4 Doubly Weak verbs More than one weak consonant in the verb Most III- ה and I-Guttural or II-Guttural Comments/observations Combines changes learned in previous slide *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs 2.5 Geminate verbs Geminate verbs have identical 2nd and 3rd root consonants E.g. סָבַב “go around” אָרַר “to curse” תָּמַם “to be finished” Two specific features of geminate verbs 1st geminate consonant assimilates into the 2nd geminate consonant  Leads to Daghesh Forte in the geminate consonant Insertion of “connecting” vowel Holem Waw ( וֹ) between the root and the sufformative (or personal ending)  Holem Waw is a helpful way of identifying geminate verbs. *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Assimilation of geminate – Daghesh Forte No Daghesh Forte Geminate Geminate Weak 1 Geminate Weak 2 Strong 3ms סָבַב אָרַר תַּם קָטַל 3fs סָֽבְבָה אָֽרְרָה תַּמָּה קָֽטְלָה 2ms סַבּוֹתָ אָרוֹתָ תַּמּוֹתָ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs סַבּוֹת אָרוֹת תַּמּוֹת קָטַלְתְּ 1cs סַבּוֹתִי אָרוֹתִי תַּמּוֹתִי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp סָֽבְבוּ אָֽרְרוּ תַּמּוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp סַבּוֹתֶם אָרוֹתֶם תַּמּוֹתֶם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp סַבּוֹתֶן אָרֹותֶן תַּמּוֹתֶן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp סַבּוֹנוּ אָרוֹנוּ תַּמּוֹנוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs 2.5 Biconsonantal verbs Composed of two root consonants קָם “to rise” שָׂם “to set, put” בָּא “to enter, go in” Also known as “hollow” verbs or II-ו/י verbs “middle” consonant appears in imperfect and related conjugations Lexical form of biconsonantal verbs is Infinitive Absolute, not Qal pf. 3ms. קָם  קוּם שָׂם  שִׂים בָּא  בּוֹא *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Strong Weak 3ms קָם שָׂם בָּא קָטַל 3fs קָמָה שָׂמָה בָּאָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms קַמְתָּ שַׂמְתָּ בָּאתָ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs קַמְתְּ שַׂמְתְּ בָּאת קָטַלְתְּ 1cs קַמְתִּי שַׂמְתִּי בָּאתִי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp קָמוּ שָׂמוּ בָּאוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp קַמְתֶּם שַׂמְתֶּם בָּאתֶם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp קַמְתֶּן שַׂמְתֶּן בָּאתֶן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp קַמְנוּ שַׂמְנוּ בָּאנוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Practice Workbook p. 73, no:1-5, p. 81, no: 1-5 P. 74, 1-3; p. 82, 1-3 Homework Workbook p. 76, no:1-3 & p. 84, no: 1-3 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 14) on words pp. 161-162 (14.16) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/