1. LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW I Class XIV: Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs Dr. Esa Autero

2. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs 1.1 Introduction  Of app. 50,000 Qal stem verbs in HB., 21,951 are imperfect (43%)  Qal imperfect inflects to indicate person, number, gender  The meaning of Qal imperfect  Expresses incomplete action (not time per se)  Usually translated with English present or future tense  “I study” or “I will study”  Also habitual action (past, present, future) – “he prays regularly, he used to pray”  Modal values (would, could, should, might, can etc.)  The exact meaning is indicated by the context  The imperfect aspect denotes incomplete action, whether in the past, present, or future

3. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs 2.1 The form of Qal imperfect conjugation with preformatives  Memorize forms  Hireq vowel  Holem stem vowel except 2fs, 3mp, 2mp  Extra “person” SufformativeImpf. PerfectPreformativeTranslation 3ms –יִקְטֹליִ He will kill 3fs –תִּקְטֹלתִּ She will kill 2ms –תִּקְטֹלתִּ You will kill 2fs ִיתִּקְטְלִיתִּ You will kill 1cs –אֶקְטֹלאֶאֶ I will kill 3mp וּיִקְטְלוּיִ They will kill 3fp נָהתִּקְטֹלנָהתִּ They will kill 2mp וּתִּקְטְלוּתִּ You will kill 2fp נָהתִּקְטֹלנָהתִּ You will kill 1cp –נִקְטֹלנִ We will kill

4. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs 2.2 Qal Impf. of strong verbs  Note – Daghesh Lene on 2 nd root consonant (due to being begadpekhat consonant & preceded by a consonant) RememberWriteKeep/guardGather 3ms יִזְכֹּריִכְתֹּביִשְׁמֹריִקְבֹּץ 3fs תִּזְכֹּרתִּכְתֹּבתִּשְׁמֹרתִּקְבֹּץ 2ms תִּזְכֹּרתִּכְתֹּבתִּשְׁמֹרתִּקְבֹּץ 2fs תִּזְכְּרִיתּכְתְּבִיתִּשְׁמְרִיתִּקְבְּצִי 1cs אֶזְכֹּראֶכְתֹּבאֶשְׁמֹראֶקְבֹּץ 3mp יִזְכְּרוּיִכְתְּבוּיִשְׁמְרוּיִקְבְּצוּ 3fp תִּזְכּ ֫ ֹרנָ ה תִּכְתֹּ ֫ בְנָ ה תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּקְבּ ֫ ֹצְנָ ה 2mp תִּזְכְּרוּתִּכְתְּבוּתִּשְׁמְרוּתִּקְבְּצוּ 2fp תִּזְכֹּרְנָהתִּכְתֹּבְנָ ה תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּקְבּ ֫ ֹצְנָ ה 1cp נִזְכֹּרנִכְתֹּבנִשְׁמֹרנִקְבֹּץ

5. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs 2.3 Stative verbs  Stative verbs classified by stem vowel  In imperfect stem vowel always Pathach  Follows regular pattern  Assimilation in 3fp and 2fp when 3 rd root letter is nun. גָּדַלכָּבֵדקָטֹן 3ms יִגְדַּליִכְבַּדיִקְטַן 3fs תִּגְדַּלתִּכְבַּדתִּקְטַן 2ms תִּגְדַּלתִּכְבַּדתִּקְטַן 2fs תִּגְדְּלִיתִּכְבְּדִיתִּקְטְנִי 1cs אֶגְדַּלאַכְבַּדאַקְטַן 3mp יִגְדְּלוּיִכְבְּדוּיִקְטְנוּ 3fp תִּגְדַּ ֫ לְנָהתִּכְבַּ ֫ דְנָהתִּקְטַ ֫ נָּה 2mp תִּגְדְּלוּתִּכְבְּדוּתִּקְטְנוּ 2fp תִּגְדַּ ֫ לְנָה תּכְבַּדְנָה תִּקְטַנּ ֫ ָה 1cp נִגְדַּלנִכְבַּדנִקְטַן

6. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs 2.4 Negation of the imperfect: The particles אַל and לֹא  Imperfect (and perfect) negated with לֹא  Placed immediately before the verb  Regular negation  לֹא +imperfect is also used with Ten Commandments as  Absolute prohibition  Permanent prohibition

7. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה You shall not make (Ex 20:4) לֹא תִשָּׂא [נָשָׂא] You shall not take (20:7) לֹא תִּרְצָח [רָצַח] You shall not kill (20:13) לֹא תִּנְאָף [נָאַף] You shall not commit adultery (20:14) לֹא תִּגְנֹב [גָנַב] You shall not steal (20:15) לֹא תַעֲנֶה [עָנַה] You shall not answer [give false witness] (20:16) לֹא תַחְמֹד [חָמַד] You shall not covet (20:17)

8. Qal Imperfect – Strong verbs  The negative particle אַל also used with imperfect to express  Immediate, specific, and non-durative prohibition אַל תִּכְתֹּב בַּס ֫ ֵּפֶר Do not write in the book אַל־תִּירָא Do not fear (Gen 15:1) אַל־תִּשְׁמְעוּ אֶל־דִּבְרֵי נְבִיאֵיכֶם Do not listen to the words of your prophets (Jer 27:16)

9. Qal Perfect – Weak verbs  Practice  Workbook p. 89, no: 1-5  p. 90, no: 1-5  Homework  Workbook p. 91, no:1-5 “Bible Translation”  Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook  Final exam – next week  Chapters 11-15 – basic grammar and vocabulary  Numbers  Verbs: Qal. perfect (strong & weak); Qal imperfect (strong)