Oral Presentations Partly adapted from Garzone, 2010 (ppt for internal use, University of Milan) 04/09/2019

Overall Organization Tell them what you’re going to tell them Tell them what you’ve told them 04/09/2019

Presentations: Overall Organization Introduction Define topic / capture attention Body (70-80% of talk) Use transitions / signposts Conclusion Set main theme 04/09/2019

Presentation Delivery - Language Choice of words and word usage (collocations) Grammatical accuracy Pronunciation / enunciation (clarity of pronunciation, clear key words) Inflection (intonation, variety in tone, emphasis, volume) 04/09/2019

Keep the audience interested Use rhetorical questions Illustrate points with examples or stories from real life Include any unusual or interesting facts you may discover while doing research for your presentation 04/09/2019

Useful Phrases I’ll begin by … [+ V-ing] Let’s start with … If I could now turn to … My next point is … Now, turning to … Now, what about … Let’s move on to… / Let me move on to … 04/09/2019

Focusing the Audience’s Attention You can see the … As you/we can see … What is interesting/important is … I’d like to draw your attention to... (more formal) It is interesting/important to notice 04/09/2019

Explain What the Visual Shows The upper part of the slide gives information about … You can see here the organization / We can see here the organization … 04/09/2019

Stages of a Conclusion (1) Review / restate key points (from intro/body) So, to summarize / sum up … At this stage I’d like to review… So, as we’ve seen As I’ve explained 04/09/2019

Preparing Slides: Lists A lists helps skimming and focuses attention As you compose a list, keep in mind parallelism, both logic and expression Items in a list should be in the same category 04/09/2019

Lists: Examples of Categories Advantages or disadvantages Causes Effects of a cause Steps in a process Items in an inventory Topics on an agenda 04/09/2019

Types of presentations Argumentative presentations Expository presentations 04/09/2019

An example of argumentative presentation Aim: demonstrate how theories of conversational narrative can shed light on dramatic representations of storytelling How: nurse’s story in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet compared to transcript of real-life conversational story telling Conclusion: Norrick’s model of conversational storytelling suggests that nurse’s storytelling is quite realistic (adapted from Norrick 2000, ch. 7)

In this presentation my aim is to, I hope to, I’ll argue that… How: In order to do so, I’ll compare the nurse’s story in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet against a transcript of real-life conversational story telling 04/09/2019

Introduction Explain the ratio: Research question: is the dialogue really conversational or is Shakespeare exaggerating for humour Does the dialogue characterize the nurse as a typical low-comedy character (parodic) of as a real-life character? 04/09/2019

Analysis Both stories are funny personal anecdotes which reveal values and feelings (evaluative talk) contain plenty of repetition Are poorly planned, as typical of spontaneous conversational storytelling 04/09/2019

Conclusion [I think we can say that this is a] realistic portrait of a funny storyteller rather than a parody of storytelling Shakespeare wants the nurse to sound real and down-to-heart, as opposed to Lady Capulet and Juliet 04/09/2019

An example of expository presentation Aim: analyse the standard of intertextuality in cartoons How: collect a sample of intertextual references in the Simpsons and Shrek and categorize them according to different conceptions of intertextuality Conclusion: plenty of intertextual reference of the x type, mainly to pop-culture/ American history/fairy tales…used to…

Note well… Your presentation should take from 5 to 7 minutes The topic and the approach should be different from those of your seminar (or written analysis for non-frequentanti) Make sure that your presentation includes bibliografic references 04/09/2019