The Interrelationship Between Health and Physical, Social, Emotional and Intellectual Development The Interrelationships Between Health and Physical, Social, Emotional and Intellectual Development

Development Defined as the physical, emotional, social and intellectual changes that take place in human beings over time. Development is a continual process beginning at conception and ending with death.

Stages of the Lifespan The lifespan is the period of time between fertilisation and death. It can be divided up into a series of stages These stages are determined by a combination of biological age, social age and psychological age.

Lifespan Stage Approx. Age Range Refer to page 15 Prenatal Fertilisation to birth Infancy Birth to 18 months toddlerhood 18months- 3 years Early Childhood End of Infancy to 3-12 yrs Youth End of late childhood to 12 18 years Early adulthood End of youths to 18-39 yrs Middle adulthood End of early adulthood to 39-64 yrs Late adulthood End of middle adulthood to death Refer to page 15

Types of Development Development can be divided into many different types. PHYSICAL INTELLECTUAL EMOTIONAL SOCIAL

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Physical development includes growth which is changes in the size and structure of cells such as increases in height and weight and therefore the lengthening of bones, the cutting of teeth, changes in body proportions and increases in muscles and tissues.

Physical Development Physical development also includes MOTOR SKILLS which are changes in the ability to use and control muscles that enable us to undertake a range of activities. Kicking a ball Hopping Holding and writing with a pen. Tying shoelaces

Motor Skills The development of motor skills is dependent upon the maturation of the central nervous system.

Motor Skills In our body we tend to have large muscle groups and smaller muscle groups. Control of the larger muscle groups is called GROSS MOTOR SKILLS Kicking Catching a ball Running Sitting Walking Playing a musical instrument

Motor Skills Control of the smaller muscles of the body such as those in the fingers and toes are known as FINE MOTOR SKILLS Threading beads Colouring in shapes and staying within the lines Tying shoelaces

LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT There are two laws of development that help us to predict physical changes that will take place. Cephalocaudal Development Proximodistal Development Physical development occurs in two directions known as cephalocaudal and proximodistal.

Cephalocaudal Direction Cephalocaudal direction sees development move down the body from head to toe. An infant will develop control of the muscles in their neck, followed by the muscles in their upper body, upper legs, lower legs, feet and then toes. That is why most infants will crawl, stand supported, stand, walk supported and then walk independently

CEPHALOCAUDAL LAW For example: In growth the head grows first, at birth the head is 1/4 the size of the body. Head control before crawling, before walking Infants develop control of muscles in their

Proximodistal Direction Proximodistal direction sees development progress from the centre of the body to the outside or extremities. An infant will be able to hit an object with their arm and hand, grab an object, then control the manipulation of the object with their fingers. An embryo shows a well developed torso with very small, underdeveloped arms and legs.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT... An important skill that evolves through social development is learning appropriate behaviour for the different roles they will play in society. Roles - the expectations of rights and responsibilities held of a person with regard to their social position. For example: mother, father, brother, sister, teacher, student, friend

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Social development relies on the interaction with others and refers to the development of knowledge and skills, attitudes, values and behaviours necessary for the appropriate interaction and relationships with other people.

Social Development Social development occurs as a result of socialisation. We learn primarily from our family but other influences include: Peers Kindergarten Child care School Sporting clubs Church Workplaces Media

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Refers to the changes that occur in our ability to control and understand our own moods and feelings and the expression of these emotions, as well as understanding the emotions of others. It includes feelings we develop about ourselves and includes aspects such as confidence, self esteem and self concept.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT... Self concept and self-esteem are related. Self concept is the image/picture you have of yourself. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself (your opinion of yourself). For example: Positive self-esteem involves good feelings, negative self-esteem involves feelings of worthlessness.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT Refers to changes in our ability to think and reason and includes the establishment of language skills, understanding the basic concepts for daily living such as numbers, time and space and our ability to solve problems.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT The mental skills a person learns when adapting to their environment. Includes developing the skills of: attention memory knowledge understanding reasoning or problem solving language

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT... For example: As people progress through the lifespan their ability to take notice and remember increases. This in turn allows people to reflect and understand what is happening. This is the beginning of the process of problem solving and adapting to the environment. You have to be able to understand the environment in order to adapt to it. Language helps us to gain and express knowledge.

Summary of Development

Summary of Development

Summary of Development

Summary of Development

Principles of development Development requires change Early development is essential for later development Development equals maturation plus learning General pattern of development is predictable There are individual differences in development

1.Development requires change Determined by genetics Changes in physical size (height and weight) Changes in body proportions Changes to features

2. Early development is essential Sets foundations Development is cumulative – one thing builds onto another First three months of prenatal period is ‘critical period’

3. Maturation + Learning = Development Maturation – wherby a person gradually realises their genetic potential Used to describe development as opposed to growth and influences the ability to learn Learning - relatively permanent acquisition of behaviours through interaction with the environment. If an individual is not mature enough to learn, then they are not ready to learn

4. The general pattern is predictable Cephalocaudal law - indicates the direction of development from head to feet. Proximodistal law - indicates the direction of development from the middle of the body towards the extremities.

5. Individual differences People follow the same general pattern but differences occur in terms of: Rate Timing Factors affecting: Genetic and Environmental

INTERRELATIONSHIP There is a very strong interrelationship between all types of development and between health and development. Physical changes may impact social changes and vice versa etc. Refer to table in text book

Interrelationship One of the most significant influences on development is health. Good health means improved quality of life and the opportunity to achieve development potential. Ill health may impact on physical, social, emotional and intellectual development.

Interrelationship In children, ill health may affect the growth of the brain, bones, muscles and organs, particularly if the illness leads to malnutrition. This could also contribute to poor motor development, impaired learning and delayed sexual development. Continued ill health may also affect social development. i.e interacting with others – learning new skills, knowledge, behaviour, poor motor skills (lack of acceptance into social group)

Interrelationship Different types of development are therefore interrelated and do not occur in isolation. Growth and development of the brain (physical development) leads to changes in mental abilities (intellectual development) like reasoning, memory and language skills. These abilities allow the child to make better personal and social adjustment.(social development) Speech means a child can explain and satisfy its wants (emotional development) This also has a direct impact on academic achievement (intellectual development).