The Reformation and Counter Reformation The 1500s
Loss of Church Power: Causes Christian humanists criticized abuses of the Church indulgences worldly and secular immorality poorly educated
Event 10/ 31/ 17- Luther posted his 95 Theses Point: Salvation though faith alone
Disputation of Dr. Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences #21 “Therefore, those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope’s indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved.” #35 “They preach no Christian doctrine who teach that contrition is not necessary in those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory to buy confessionalia.
Effect pope and HRE mad 1520- Luther excommunicated and declared a heretic 1521- Edict of Worms- declared him an outlaw
Spread of Protestantism: Cause Criticism of the Church continued Groups disagree about salvation
John Calvin- Wrote his doctrine on Predestination Protestant groups divided over salvation and other issues Lutherans Calvinists Anabaptists…
Counter Reformation: 1545- Pope called the Council of Trent To fix Church problems and prevent the spread of Protestantism
Effects: Confirmed faith AND works Bible AND Church authority Actions to end criticism: Inquisition- court to try and punish heresy Index- list of books dangerous to the faith Reform seminaries to train priests Est. Jesuits to educate and re-convert
Political responses to the Reformation
Holy Roman Empire: Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor Most powerful ruler in Europe 1534- Wars of Religion To bring German princes back to the Church
Effect 1555- Peace of Augsburg The religion of the prince is the religion of the people Religious freedom for Lutherans
Peace of Augsburg, 1555 #15. In order to bring peace… let them (Lutherans) enjoy their religious belief… and complete religious harmony shall be obtained… #16. Likewise…. let all the Princes who cling to the old religion (Catholics) live in absolute peace… #17. However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace, but be totally excluded from it.
France 1562-1589- EIGHT religious wars 1598- Edict of Nantes Valois kings want France to be Catholic 1562-1589- EIGHT religious wars 1598- Edict of Nantes Religious freedom for Huguenots #6…. We… permit those of the Reformed Religion to live and… not be compelled to do anything contrary to their conscience…
England Henry VIII was excommunicated Got a divorce from Catherine of Aragon cuz didn’t have a male heir/ no woman had ever controlled the throne
Event 1534- Act of Supremacy The King’s Majesty is… the supreme head of the Church of England…
Effect Closed monasteries Seized Church’s wealth and land Catholics Decreased Church power
Cause 1558- Queen Mary died without an heir 1559- Act of Uniformity Elizabeth I- Protestant 1559- Act of Uniformity England officially protestant
England became a political problem to other nations Effect Church lost power England became a political problem to other nations
Spain Phillip II wanted all lands to be Catholic- continued the Inquisition
Event 1579- England aided Protestant rebellion in Netherlands Philip II with Elizabeth I 1588- Spanish Armada sent to begin invasion of England Defeated by faster/ better armed ships and a storm at sea
Effect Decreased power of Spain and Church English dominated oceanic trade
Russia 1480- Mongols kicked out 1533- Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia City states disorganized 1533- Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia Created a law code Expanded territory Established a police state Time of Troubles