The “ism” Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions of the 19th century.

Liberalism Liberalism emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill Great Reform Bill of 1832 Anti-Corn Law League Political liberalism constitutional government equality before the law civil liberties Only Britain and France by 1815 had liberal governments Second strand was economic liberalism, or laissez-faire capitalism which defended the free market opposed all hindrances to its operation whether unions or monopolies rejected mercantilism demanded the governments leave the economy alone to operate on its own laws

Radicalism/Republicanism Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership Jacksonian Democracy Chartists Flora Tristan Some argued that such rights should be extended to women

Conservativism Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities, which was based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible so sociopolitical “betters” were needed to maintain order and continuity. Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Klemons von Metternich

Socialism Socialism called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxists scientific critique of capitalism. Henri de Saint-Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Louis Blanc Friedrich Engels Karl Marx

Anarchism Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. Joseph Proudhon Mikhail Bakunin

Nationalism Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandizement J. G. Fichte Grimm Brothers Giuseppe Mazzini Generally, nationalism can take two different forms Nationalism as loyalty to an existing state - patriotism Nationalism as liberation – the desire to create a new state based on identities, whether religious, ethnic, cultural, or linguistic.