1. Age of Reforms
Chapter 9 Section 4

2. Laissez Faire
the idea that government should stay out of business; government should pass no laws regulating business
European governments/America used this policy during the 1700’s-1800’s

3. Laissez Faire Philosophers
Laissez Faire: “Let it be” in French
from 18th century Enlightenment philosophers
they argued that government
regulations only get in the way
a nation getting wealthy
● they argued that if government
stayed out of business the economy
would prosper

4. Adam Smith

5. Adam Smith 18th century British philosopher
wrote The Wealth of Nations 1776
book argues government should not interfere in business

6. Capitalism

7. Capitalism
the economic system where money is invested in businesses with the goal of making a profit
the economic system where individual
citizens can invest in and own businesses
this system is used in America

8. Thomas Malthus

9. The Malthusian Scissor

10. The Malthusian Scissor
1798 Malthus argued that populations increased faster than the food supply
because of this most people were destined to be poor and miserable

11. The Malthusian Scissor
as a result populations would naturally even themselves out through starvation, unemployment, and desperation (The Malthusian Scissor)

12. The Malthusian Scissor
Malthus argued this would upset the natural order of business (these problems should sort themselves out)
Malthus opposed
government intervention in
Business (minimum wage
laws, better working
conditions)
Most European leaders believed in The Malthusian Scissor: this belief caused them to do nothing to solve social problems

13. Rise of Socialism
in contrast to Laissez-Faire philosophers, some theorists argued that government should intervene and help the lower classes!

15. Utilitarianism
introduced by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham late 1700s

16. Utilitarianism
he argued people should judge governments on their utility, or usefulness
government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

17. Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill

18. John Stuart Mill led the Utilitarianism movement in the 1800s
believed it was wrong that workers suffered starvation and dangerous conditions
he favored women’s rights
women’s suffrage
Pushed for reforms in the prison
and education systems

19. Utopianism

20. Utopianism Robert Owen British factory owner
improved factory conditions
for his employees
Near his cotton mill in Scotland he built
houses that he rented to his
employees at low rates
prohibited children under 10
from working in his mills
and provided free schools

21. New Harmony, Indiana

22. New Harmony, Indiana 1824 Robert Owen founded a community New
he intended it to be a utopia (perfect
living place for all his employees);
New Harmony only lasted 3 years but
it inspired the founding of other
utopian communities later

23. Socialism
founded by French reformer
Charles Fourier

24. Socialism in socialism the factors of production
(land, wealth, labor) are owned by the public for the welfare of all
grew out of belief in human good,
progress, and social justice
People own the factors of production, the government runs the economy to ensure no abuses
government should promote
equality of all and public
ownership of business: help
workers who were at mercy of greedy owners

25. Good Morning/Afternoon
Warm-up
Describe each of these ism’s in your own words (One sentence).
Utilitarianism, Utopianism, Socialism,

26. Marxism (Communism)

27. Karl Marx German journalist
He and friend Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto 1848: 23 page pamphlet that argued human societies have always been divided into warring classes (haves vs. have-nots)

28. Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto

29. The Communist Manifesto
Bourgeoisie owners vs. Proletariat workers
wealthy controlled money and
production while poor performed
hard labor under horrible conditions
this situation had to
result in conflict

30. Future According to Marx
Industrial Revolution would eventually destroy itself :
The large Proletariat (working class) would revolt, seize factories, and produce what society needed
Revolt would be
Global: all workers
unite in all countries
workers would share in the profits Governments would
and there would be equality for all disappear: there would be
no need for them

31. Pure Communism
final phase of the revolution: private property would cease to exist
all land, mines, factories, railroads,
businesses would be owned by the people
all goods and services would be shared equally
social classes would cease to exist

32. Results of Marxism revolts shook Europe 1848-1849
1900’s Communist revolutions took
place in Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba,
Korea and other nations in
Eastern Europe
leaders of these new communist nations
adapted Marx’ beliefs to fit their own ideals and needs

33. Good Morning/Afternoon
Warm-up
Compare and contrast the video clip. One paragraph minimum.

34. Results of Marxism Marx believed economic forces alone
dominated society
He ignored the power of religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalty, and desire for democracy: He also ignored capitalism’s ability to adapt and change
These are why worldwide Communism
did not happen
Today: China, Cuba, North Vietnam,
North Korea only Communist nations left

35. The Union Movement

36. The Union Movement mid-late 1800s labor unions emerged to
protect workers’ rights
a union spoke for all workers
in a particular Industry
British Government banned unions in 1800
desperate workers joined anyway
British government unhappily allowed unions in 1825

37. The Union Movement
Collective Bargaining: large scale negotiations between workers and their employers with union representing the workers (bargaining for better pay and better conditions)
Strike: if factory owners did not meet union’s demands they went on strike, or refused to work

38. American Federation of Labor
1886 most powerful early American Union
Founded by Samuel Gompers
In America unions emerged in early 1800s

40. Factory Act 1833
Factory Act 1833 : made it illegal to hire children under 9 in Great Britain; kids 9-12 could not work more than 8 hrs./day; kids could not work more than 12 hrs./day

41. Mines Act 1842
Mines Act 1842: prevented women and children from working in underground mines in Great Britain

42. Ten Hours Act 1847
Ten Hours Act 1847: limited work day to 10 hrs. for women and children in factories
Labor reforms were slower to hit America: not until 1920s-1930s did new laws take place in America to protect workers

43. Women

44. Reforms Spread to Other Areas of Life
prison reform and education reform
1850s most American states set up free public education systems
Western Europe free public education
came in late 1800s