1. Bell Ringer
How did the middle class structure change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

2. Reforming the Industrial World
9.4

3. Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire (“let people do as they please”) economics:
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Defended free markets
Foundation of capitalism: factors of production PRIVATELY owned – little government interference
Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo contributed to laissez-faire capitalism
Opposed govt efforts to help poor workers

4. Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Govt should promote the greatest good for greatest number of people
More equal division of profits
Socialism
Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon
Factors of production owned by public and operate for welfare of all
Concern for social justice
Wanted govt to actively plan the economy
Argued this would promote equality and end poverty

5. Marxism: Radical Socialism
Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Society divided: “haves” (bourgeoisie)) and “have-nots” (proletariat)
IR enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor
Predicted workers would overthrow the owners
Sharing of profits and economic equality

6. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Unions formed to represent employees
Collective bargaining = negotiating
If demands not met, then employees strike
Factory Act of 1833 – illegal to hire under 9
Ten Hours Act of 1847 (women/children)

7. Reform Movement Spreads
Abolition of slavery (1833 in Britain)
William Wilberforce
Women’s Rights
Fought for equal wages
Jane Addams ran settlement houses for poor residents
Public Education (late 1800s)
Horace Mann fought for free public ed