Decline of Ottoman Empire Weakening Ottoman Empire couldn’t withstand the intrusion of the strengthening European countries Loss of Egypt due to rebellion (led by Muhammad Ali) Focus of trade away from Eurasia to Atlantic Ocean (Ottomans not included) Had to depend on European loans for industrialization  climbing debt, weakening economy Establishment of capitulations, agreements of extraterritoriality for European visitors from Ottoman law Rebellions by various groups (especially Young Turks) also weakened Ottoman rule, promoted Turk nationalism Weakening continued into 20th century—continued to lose wars & independence movements continued

Issues in Russia Weaknesses shown in Crimean War vs. Western Europe Attempts at government reform  social tensions Emancipation Manifesto (1861): abolished serfdom, gave rights to serfs but peasants forced to pay for lands Decembrist Revolt against Nicholas I (1825) fueled by Enlightenment ideals 1,200 protesters killed in an hour (failed rebellion) Revolution of 1905 Began with “Bloody Sunday” massacre of 130 protesters against Nicholas II; led to establishment of parliament (Duma) & further weakened Romanov Dynasty

Opium Wars Opium – HUGE trading item between China & Britain Caused a serious drug problem in China  Chinese gov’t banning & destroying opium in 1839 British attacked Grand Canal, won war Ended with Treaty of Nanjing (1842) Hong Kong ceded to British Five Chinese ports opened to commerce Britain = most-favored-nation status Extraterritoriality status granted to British living in China (under British law, not Chinese law) Legalized opium trade Permitted Christian missions in China China essentially under foreign control by 1900—would be weakened  rebellion & eventual collapse of Qing Dynasty

Rebellions Political instability, increasing poverty, government corruption & strained resources Taiping (1850-1864) Hong Xiuquan: called for destruction of Qing Dynasty, abolition of private property, creation of communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding & free public education Taiping ended up losing, caused even more problems (esp. food shortages) in China; Taipings killed by gov’t Led to some failed reforms to Qing; China continued to be broken up by European powers (“Spheres of Influence” established)

Rebellions Boxer Rebellion: 1900 Organized to rid China of “foreign devils”; killed foreigners & Chinese Christians and those who had ties to foreigners Crushed by Russian, British, French, U.S., German & Japanese troops Chinese government had to pay reparations and allow foreign powers to station troops in Beijing Also caused the view of the Qing Dynasty to decline in the eyes of many Chinese; ultimately led to the end of the dynasty in 1912.

Meiji Restoration Many problems in Japan in the late 19th century Declining agricultural production, samurai fell into debt Isolationism also a problem; forced to open ports by Matthew C. Perry (USA) Shogun agreed to unfair treaties, angering many conservatives Brief war  end of the shogunate; restoration of the emperor of Japan in January 1868 (Meiji) Series of reforms soon followed

Meiji Restoration Opened up to ideas, communication from the West Creation of prefectures, governance of these Abolition of samurai, rights of daimyo to carry swords Conscription of military Fixed-money tax instead of rice tax Constitution, creation of the Diet (legislature) in 1889—still gave emperor power Rapid industrialization modeled after the U.S., Britain (railroads, steamships) Universal education Negative effects on peasants Industrialization  poverty among peasants Government squashed potential rebellions, increasing control over “criminal activities”