Classical Conditioning Everyday

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Presentation transcript:

Classical Conditioning Everyday Phobias – What do you fear? Look up the proper scientific name for your phobia (Extra Credit – due today). Taste Aversion – John Garcia & Robert Koelling Little Albert “Fear of White Rabbits” – John Watson & Rosalie Rayner

Operant Conditioning What Is Operant Conditioning? Respondent Behavior Operant Behavior Skinner’s Experiments Law of effect Edward Thorndike B.F. Skinner Operant Chamber Shaping Behavior Reinforcers Successive approximations Discriminative stimulus Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Immediate reinforcement Delayed reinforcement Primary reinforcement Secondary reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement schedule Internal schedules Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule Fixed ratio schedule Variable ratio schedule Punishment Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Physical Punishment and Drawbacks Cognition and Operant Conditioning Latent learning Cognitive map Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation Biologically Predispositions Skinner’s Legacy Applications of Operant Conditioning School, Sports, Work, Home Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Type of learning in which the frequency (how often) of a behavior depends on its consequence. Example: The Tantrum

Law of Effect Edward Thorndike Behaviors followed by favorable consequences occur more frequently; vice versa Reinforcement – anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Punishment – anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Example: Skinner Box

Reinforcement Positive – presenting something desirable Negative – removing something undesirable Immediate – something desirable is presented on the spot; more effective Delayed – amount of time before something desirable is presented Primary – no learning necessary; natural desires Secondary – things we have learned; value

Punishment Anything that decreases the chances that a behavior will occur in the future. Example: Hot stove Not always effective

Shaping Rewarding behavior that is similar to the one you are trying to teach. Example: Skinner Box

Discrimination Occurs when a person produces different responses to two similar stimuli. Example: Extinction of the second sound in Pavlov’s studies.

Generalization Occurs when a person produces the same response to two similar stimuli. Example: Pavlov dogs with another sound/tune

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement schedule Interval schedules Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule Fixed ratio schedule Variable ratio schedule Page 330-332