Philosophy and Philosophers The Reworking of Truths

17th and 18th Century New paradigms emerge challenging the existing order of society In societies paradigms define the concept of equality, hierarchy, freedom and order

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Monarchy is the best form of gov’t Peace is a better way of life Peace can only be achieved if people give up the right to govern themselves People must promise complete obedience in return for order and security Society choses either absolute power or complete anarchy Beginning of modern social contract theory Main work: The Leviathan

Enlightenment – John Locke (1632-1704) The purpose of government is to protect the “natural rights of life, liberty and property” Citizens have the right to rebel Human development is determined by education (humans are born as a blank slate with unlimited potential) Known as the father of Liberalism Argued for the separation of Church and State

Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755) Wrote the “Spirit of the Laws” Focused on the conditions that promote liberty and prevent tyranny Believed power checks power Different areas check each other Strong upper class could prevent abuse

Voltaire (1694-1778) Most famous of the philosophers The best humanity could hope for was a good monarch Did not believe in social equality Men > women

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Committed to individual freedoms Very emotional in his attacks against the evils of society and government Believed in the “natural state of man” Man is inherently good it is society that has corrupted him

Critical Question Voltaire once said that he would rather “obey a fine lion much stronger than himself than 200 rats of his own species”. Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Explain your answer.