American History Chapter 19: The Cold War II. The Cold War Heats Up.

Objectives Find out how the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, and NATO helped to achieve American goals in postwar Europe. Realize how Communist advances affected American foreign policy. See how the Cold War affected American life at home.

Bell Ringer “The buck stops here.” What does this say about Truman? What was the biggest challenge Truman confronted when he took office? Setting the scene - 644

A) The Marshall Plan Europe destroyed US should help restore the war-torn nations so that they might create stable democracies and achieve economic recovery – trade partners Marshall Plan: 1947 US plan for economic assistance to war torn Europe. USSR – US is buying friends 17 countries 13 billion dollars

B) The Berlin Airlift Democracies create West Germany – USSR creates East Germany West Germany creates new currency Stalin sees this as a threat and shuts off all access to West Berlin - blockade Truman doesn’t want to give up West Berlin or war – 15 month airlift – 13,000 tons of food a day – bomber pilots now bringing food May 1949 blockade over

C) NATO USSR used its veto power in the UN to prevent help in postwar problems France asked US to form an alliance – US with Canada's help formed NATO NATO – multinational collective security defense alliance in West Europe US, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal Collective security – mutual military assistance – an attack on one is an attack on all. US now involved in Europe since the Monroe Doctrine Warsaw Pact – USSR military alliance with satellite nations in Eastern Europe

D) Communist Advances 1949 Truman announces that the USSR has detonated a nuclear bomb – panic grips the nation (Los Angeles) Establishes the Federal Civil Defense Administration Build a new thermonuclear bomb – hydrogen China falls to communism several weeks later – Nationalists flee to Taiwan – Mao takes Beijing Traitors in US allowed this to happen!

E) The Cold War at Home Anti-communist scare spreads throughout the US – many citizens civil rights violated Truman started a loyalty program and had the FBI do background checks on gov’t employees – Loyalty Review Board HUAC – Congressional committee that had its own loyalty program – attacked government agencies and Hollywood movie industry Hollywood 10: 10 Hollywood personalities that refused to answer questions – served 6 months to 1 year in jail for contempt. Blacklist: list circulated among employers, containing the names of persons who should not be hired. No movies about social problems – only entertainment

McCarran-Walter Act: reaffirmed the quota system for each country – discriminated against immigrants from Asia and from Southern and Central Europe Truman vetoed it calling it un-American – Congress overrode the veto. Alger Hiss convicted of lying to a federal grand jury – served four years Rosenbergs convicted of espionage and passing on nuclear secrets – executed Later Julius Rosenberg and Hiss really were guilty.

Review How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy? How did the Cold War affect American life at home?