Human Genome Project Human Genome Project's (Mapped Human Genes) -goal to understand the genetic factors in human disease, paving the way for new strategies for their diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Chromosome Map

Gene Therapy (treatment) Help correct genetic disease by providing a functioning copy of the gene, which is inserted into the DNA of the patients cells. Help treat Cancers Blood Disorders Immune System Diseases .

Gene Therapy (treatment) Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a drug to treat disease by delivering therapeutic DNA into a patient's cells.

Genetic Engineering Gene Therapy

GMO’s Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals. GloFish, the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet

Genetic Engineering (GMO’s) The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) by combining the DNA of one or more organisms for a specific genetic feature. Most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption Monoculture- growing one crop can lead to the loss of Biodiversity.

TRANSGENIC 1st Improved shelf life

GMO’S Big 5 Corn, Soy, Cotton, Canola, Beets. These are used to produce sugar, vegetable oil and high fructose corn syrup. Why are GMO’s crops unhealthy? They are sprayed with heavily with herbicide (Roundup), which is a carcinogen.

How do you know if your food is GMO. Should They Be Labeled They should be labeled because you have the right to know what's in your food.

BENEFITS OF GMOS Genetically Modified Food

GMO’s Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of GMOs -Less pesticide is needed to be used due to insect pest resistant plants. - Can be stored longer -Higher crop yields. - Added nutrients One example golden rice added vitamin A to help with vision. Disadvantages of GMOs -Harm to other organisms. For example genes and their effect included in a crop may turn out to be poisonous to insects (monarch butterfly poisoned by GMO corns). -Spread of new, more resistant "super weeds” -Spread of new, more resistant "super pests". Effects on Humans? (possible organ failure, cancer)  

New Genetically Engineered Golden Rice Vitamin A deficiency among poor children Genetically engineered rice with beta-carotene Critics Public relations stunt Expensive Not proven it will work

Genetically Engineering Corn Crop are made resistant to insects

Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’s Genetically Modified Organisms Salmon

Artificial selection (Selective Breeding) Humans selecting desirable traits in a species and choosing which individuals breed in order to increase these traits in the species.

Belgian Blue Bull “Super Cow” Artificial Selection

Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection) Humans create the change over time “descendants” of the wolf

Emigration Genetic Variation GENE FLOW The flow of “genes” DNA into or out of a population can lead to genetic variation. Emigration Genetic Variation

Genetic Drift Random change in allele frequencies over time by chance. Bottleneck Effect: Drastic reduction in population and gene pool size. Ex: natural disaster. Founder Effect: Few individuals start a new population with different allele frequencies than the original.

While genetic engineering has positive benefits, there are also concerns associated with widespread use of genetic engineering in agriculture. If many farmers begin to plant more genetically modified crops that have an increased tolerance to insects, which of the following may result? A. an increase in the use of pesticides B. a decrease in genetic diversity of the crops C. an increase in the contamination of the water supply D. a decrease in crop productivity on these treated fields MONOCULTURE

DNA FINGERPRINT Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to their sizes DNA FINGERPRINT Law Enforcement Crimes Genetic Disease Paternity Suits (Baby’s Daddy)

A Vertical SSCP (single strand confirmation polymorphism) gel Gel Electrophoresis

Scientists genetically modified a variety of corn to protect it against pests like the cornborer. The corn borer is an insect caterpillar that feeds on the corn stalk, which weakens the stalk and makes it fall over. A new gene in the genetically modified corn causes the plant to produce a chemical that is toxic to the corn borer. Some people are concerned that the genetically modified corn could harm other insects such as the monarch butterfly caterpillar. The monarch caterpillar eats leaves of milkweed plants that might be coated with toxic corn pollen. However, not all researchers agree with the concerns regarding the monarch butterfly caterpillar. They state that it is unusual for large amounts of harmful corn pollen to be found on milkweed leaves. Also, only a small percentage of caterpillars feed on the milkweed plants near corn fields. Which was most likely introduced into corn that made it pest-resistant? A. gene B. lipid C. toxin D. protein