1. DO NOW (front of notes) What do genes code for?
What are some examples of proteins?

2. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Gel Electrophoresis Cloning
Genetic Technology
Selective Breeding
Recombinant DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Cloning

3. Selective Breeding What is selective Breeding?
Selective breeding is when breeders choose plants and animals with the most desired traits to produce the next generation
Selective breeding goes back thousands of years
Nearly all domestic animals, including dogs, horses, cats, farm animals and most crops, have been produced by selective breeding
Example: The great variety of modern dogs can be explained by selective breeding of dogs over many years.

4. Selective Breeding What Is the purpose of Selective Breeding?
Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of offspring.
To increase the frequency of desired alleles in a population is the goal of selective breeding and genetic technology as a whole.
This means… How often the trait occurs in a population (want to see more of desired traits)
Increase the frequency of desired alleles? What?!

5. Selective Breeding
When two dissimilar individuals are crossed (or mate) to bring out the best characteristics of both organisms the new organism is called a
hybrid
When two closely related individuals mate or are crossed this is called
Inbreeding results in offspring that are homozygous for most traits in order to maintain desired traits (high milk yield, fast maturity, big cows for more meat…etc).
Inbreeding

6. Selective Breeding Advantages of selective breeding:
Produces animals with specific desirable traits that humans want
Example: Small schnauzers were bred to hunt rats
Example: Milk cows produce more milk
Disadvantages of selective breeding:
Decreased variation
Can bring out harmful recessive traits because of a higher chance that two closely related individuals both may carry a harmful recessive allele for the trait
Recessive traits are not common… remember, when you looked at who was left handed… not many people. If someone is left handed and they mate with someone who is left handed… they will have all left handed babies! Inbreeding (not incest) is when two organisms that are very similar are bred together in order to keep the desired traits. This creates pure breeds and when pure breeds mate there is no choice but for offspring to have those same alleles (traits)… unless a mutation occurs

7. Do Now 47
Complete questions: 1, 2, 3 (When you read… underline important sentences or words!!)
These questions ARE regents review!!

8. Do Now 47
Complete questions: 4,5,6,7 (When you read… underline important sentences or words!!)
These questions ARE regents review!!

9. Genetic Engineering… playing with DNA
Genetic Engineering – a faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a population
Involves cutting DNA from one organism into small pieces (genes) and inserting one of those genes into the DNA of the same or different species
The new recombined DNA is known as Recombinant DNA

10. Creating Recombinant DNA
Made by connecting or recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
How?
You need to isolate or cut out the desired gene… Ummmm How???
Restriction enzymes – cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (break-down)
Example: Where ever C C G G C C shows up a specific restriction enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence!!
Using Enzymes

11. Restriction Enzyme Example
Wherever A A T T shows up in DNA, a specific restriction enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence always!

12. So enzymes are used to cut the DNA into pieces… what is used to put the new recombined DNA together?
Lets mix bacterial DNA with the human insulin gene!!
Cut the insulin gene out of human DNA using restriction enzymes
Cut the bacterial plasmid (circular DNA in bacteria) using the SAME restriction enzymes
Insert human insulin gene into bacteria plasmid (DNA)

13. Bacteria reproduce asexually which clones the plasmids and the insulin gene that was inserted
Bacteria reproduce fast so many bacteria containing the insulin gene are produced
Tons of good insulin is made by every recombinant bacteria
Insulin
Plasmids actually duplicate on their own so each bacteria has many plasmids and all recombinant plasmids will make insulin

14. Benefits of recombinant DNA:
Fast and cheep production of human hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
If person has diabetes, and needs insulin, what if be better if he used insulin from a cow or insulin from recombinant DNA using HIS insulin gene? Why?
Insulin from recombinant DNA using his insulin gene! Would be less likely to be rejected by the person
Insulin

15. Benefits of recombinant DNA:
Recombinant DNA in agriculture has allowed scientists to develop crops that are:
Better tasting
Stay fresh longer
Protected from disease and insects

16. Disadvantage of recombinant DNA:
Some GM (genetically modified) plants produce certain chemicals that kill insects. The few insects that do not die will pass on their resistant DNA to their offspring and make resistant bugs (super bugs)!!
Pollen from a transgenic variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stun or kill monarch caterpillars (upset the ecosystem)
Create new allergens in crops

17. What is going on in this picture?

18. Do Now
These questions ARE regents review!!

19. Do Now 100 Complete questions: #1-5
These questions ARE regents review!!

20. Do Now 100 Complete questions: #6-9
Packet from Friday (Recombinant DNA)
These questions ARE regents review!!

21. Cloning
Cloning has allowed scientists to extract DNA from a donor and insert it into an egg cell that has had its DNA removed
The egg cell is then stimulated to divide like a normal embryo
The resulting offspring of this egg will be a CLONE of the donor because it contains the same genetic material
“Dolly” was the first cloned mammal (1997)

24. Do Now “G” Packet from Friday (cloning) Complete questions: #1-8
These questions ARE regents review!!

25. Gel Electrophoresis What is it?
A tool or technique used to separate DNA fragments based on __
SIZE

26. Process of Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes
The gel that is used has wells (pits) at one end where DNA is placed
Gel is filled with microscopic holes
The gel is made positive at one end and negative at the other.
The electric current makes DNA move towards the positive end (DNA has a negative charge)
Smaller fragments move faster and travel farther
Large fragments get caught and travel slow and not far
Mixture of DNA molecules of different sizes
Gel
Longer molecules
Shorter molecules
Power source

27. Rapid Fire - Gel Electrophoresis Recap
DNA is cut into small fragments using
The gel used is filled with small
DNA fragments are placed at one end of gel and move towards the other end by an
Smaller pieces of DNA travel ____________ and large pieces stay ____________
The pattern of bands produced is a DNA fingerprint which is different from other individuals
Restriction Enzymes
Holes
Electric Current
Farther
Closer

28. What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?
Uses:
Evidence in criminal cases
Who is guilty? Why?
Suspect 2! The DNA sample matches the crime scene’s DNA!
Who is guilty? Why?
The OWNER! The DNA sample is the same as the Owners DNA

29. What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?
Uses:
Paternity
(who is the father)
Mary had a child with Bob or John? Why?
Mary had a child with John. John’s DNA is more closely related than Bob’s (more fragments match)

30. What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?
Uses:
Evolutionary Relationships (how closely related organisms are to each other)
Which 2 organisms are most closely related? Why?
Organisms 2 and 4 because their DNA matches more closely than organism 1 or 3. More DNA fragments (bands) match

31. Do Now: (Gel Electrophoresis questions)
Complete questions: #65-72
These questions ARE regents review!!