Where does level of development vary by gender?

Saudi Arabia to let women drive at last Sept. 27, 2017 Saudi Arabia is easing restrictions on women driving, finally allowing almost half its population to get behind the wheel. A royal decree has been issued that will allow women in the country to drive, the Saudi Foreign ministry said Tuesday on its official Twitter account. A committee has been formed to implement the ruling and it will present recommendations within 30 days. Then the government will have until June 24, 2018, to implement the new decree. Manal al-Sharif, one of the women behind the Women2Drive campaign, celebrated the victory by posting a photo on Twitter of herself behind the wheel of a car. Sharif, who now lives in Australia, was jailed in Saudi Arabia 2011 after posting a video on YouTube of herself, wearing a black headscarf and sunglasses, driving a car. The act provoked death threats and spurred her to start the campaign. The 2016 Global Gender Gap Report by the World Economic Forum ranked the kingdom 141 out of 144 countries on gender parity. Trailing behind Saudi Arabia were Syria, Pakistan and Yemen. How will this help with gender inequality and overall development of Saudi Arabia?

Gender Inequality A country’s overall development level can mask gender inequality Gender inequality facilitated by cultural and legal obstacles UN uses two indexes to assess G.I. Gender inequality index (GII) Gender Development Index (GDI) There is no country that has complete equality according to indexes.

LET’S READ ABOUT GDI TOGETHER…

GDI Indicators

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Economic, Social, & Demographic Indicators GDI same statistics to HDI but separates men and women income GNI (ECON/standard of living), expected # of schooling years (SOCIAL/knowledge), # of schooling years (SOCIAL/knowledge), & life expectancy (DEMOGRAPHIC/healthy life) Country penalized for having disparities (differences) between men and women (ex: school enrollment)

Developed: 0.975 Developing: 0.904

LET’S READ ABOUT GII TOGETHER…

Gender Inequality Index (GII) Measures the gender gap in level of achievement in 3 dimensions Health, empowerment, and labor market The higher the GII the greater the inequality gap Score of 0 would mean equality, score of 1.0 is bad Reproductive health is largest contributor to gender inequality in developing regions U.S. GII .262 and Canada is .136: which has greater gender inequality?

GII Indicators

Gender Inequality Index (GII) Health Poor reproductive health is a MAJOR contributor to gender inequality (UN MDG’s?) Maternal mortality rate: number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births Developed: 16 deaths…developing: 171 deaths  Highest SS Africa Adolescent fertility rate: number of births per women aged 15 to 19 15 in developed…53 in developing Where gender inequality is highest, contraceptive (birth control) use if low

Gender Inequality Index (GII) Empowerment: Measured by number of seats held by women in legislature (make laws) and number of women who have completed some secondary school Men hold majority of political power in all countries of the world Why does this matter?

Highest % are in Europe Lowest % SW Asia and North Africa U.S. (2015): 20 of 100 Senators are women and 84 of 435 in House

Gender Inequality Index Empowerment Secondary school Worldwide: 54% of women have complete SOME secondary school (high school) compared to 64% of men In North America, girls are more likely to complete HS! Developing countries, boys are MUCH more likely to graduate HS…South Asia is the worst.

Gender Inequality Index Labor Market Female labor force participation rate: % of women holding full-time jobs outside the home Gender Inequality Index World: women - 51%...men – 77% Women in developed are more likely to hold full time job than developing world but figures vary widely. East Asia and SS Africa: gap is smaller as women hold jobs in agriculture and service industries even though that have highest fertility rates

What are the indicators? Gender Development Index (GDI) Gender Inequality Index (GII) Health Maternal mortality Adolescent fertility Empowerment # of women in legislature Secondary school Labor market Women in work force full time job Econ (standard of living) GNI Social (knowledge) Expected years of school Mean years of school Demographic (healthy life) Life expectancy

Girl Rising: Peru https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9hCcl6N1WU Nepal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hk2Q7WLzn0s