1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 9: Development
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Development
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging or developing countries

3. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic indicators of development
The Human Development Index (HDI)
Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development:
Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy

4. Human Development Index
Figure 9-1

5. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Types of jobs
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Productivity
Measured by the value added per capita
MDCs are more productive than LDCs
Consumer goods

6. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4

7. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
The literacy rate
Health and welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care

8. Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6

9. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate

10. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America and Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

11. More and Less Developed Regions
Figure 9-10

12. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes
Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males
Percent of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males

13. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17

14. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21

15. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics
Uses economic and political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
Percentage of women holding national office

16. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22

17. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals
Figure 9-23

18. Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26

19. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

20. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Rostow’s model of development
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons”
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

21. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Example: India
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment

22. Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-27

23. Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30

24. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDCs require money to fund development
Two sources of funds:
Loans
The World Bank and the IMF
Structural adjustment programs
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

25. Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31

26. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Fair trade approach
Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs
Two sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
Fair trade worker standards
Producers and workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices

27. Core and Periphery Model
Figure 9-32

28. The End.
Up next: Agriculture