1. The Cultural Geography of Gender (Women in particular)

2. Cultural Influences on Gender Roles
Cultural norms can control the advancement or subjugation of women and their status in certain regions of the world.
Culture and society has an enormous impact on gender roles in America. Americans receive thousands of cultural messages each week concerning gender roles, including advertisements, movies, TV, music, magazines and family influence. People evaluate these messages to understand expectations for their gender and how they should operate within society. While many people and organizations challenge these traditional gender roles, the influence of mainstream culture remains evident.

3. The Traditional Role of the Woman

4. Gender and Development
The development of a culture/society is closely tied to how they view women. In developed countries, the role of the woman in society has changed. We use several measurements concerning gender in determining how developed a culture/society/country actually is. It all goes back to how they treat women.

5. Development by gender: How is it measured?
Gender-Related Development Index
2. Gender Empowerment Measure
3. Child Marriage (CM)
Who creates these indexes?
UNHD

6. Gender-Related Development Index
Economic:
average income
2. Social Indicators:
-literacy levels
-education
(school attendance)
3. Demographic:
Life expectancy

7. Gender-Related Development Index

8. -The best in the world is…Norway!!!
-The rank of Belgium is #7 but the HDI rank is #6. (-1)
-The rank of Iceland is #6 but the HDI rank is #7. (1)
-The rank of Japan is #12 but the HDI rank is 9. (-3)
Why would a country drop in rank from the HDI?

9. Nepal: GDI ,
What can you tell about women in Nepal?
-Women and men have the
same life expectancy. Why?
-Only a small % of women can
read compared to their
enrollment in school. Why?
-Women make less money
than men. Why?
-What does the last figure mean?

10. China: GDI What can you tell about the women in China?
,571 5,
What can you tell about
the women in China?
-Life expectancy is more
consistent with the global trend
-Almost equal numbers of each
sex attend school, although low
-Literacy rate is high but lower
for females compared to males
-Males have a higher income
compared to women, consistent
with the global pattern

11. Gender Empowerment Measure How is it measured?
The GEM demonstrates the ability of women to participate and determine the power structure of a country
2 Economic indicators:
-% of women in professional and technical jobs
-income level
2 Political indicators:
-% of women in admin or managerial jobs
-% of women holding elected positions

12. Gender Empowerment Measure

13. Nepal: GEM
No data A
Due to lack of data on the GEM,
Data was found on the Political
Participation Index

14. China: GEM E
Data for China can be combined from the GEM and the Political Participation index to discuss the political power of women compared to men in China.

15. GDI and GEM of an MDC: Sweden
, ,
When comparing Nepal and China to Sweden, what differences can you detect?

16. Child Marriage

17. Prevalence of Child Marriage – Top 20 Countries

18. Child Marriage (CM): Constraints to Health & Development
Worse reproductive health outcomes
Wasted investment in development efforts
At a societal level, child marriage constrains health and devt
Get numbers for first point

19. Maternal Mortality by Age

20. Infant Mortality Rates by Age of the Mother

21. Poor Health Outcomes Outcomes of Child Marriage Reasons for Outcomes
Maternal mortality
Maternal morbidities
Low birth weight & prematurity
Infant mortality
Dowry Deaths-refers the deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. Dowry death is considered one of the many categories of violence against women, alongside rape, bride burning and acid throwing. It is widespread in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and some regions of Africa. Pakistan has the highest reported rates of dowry-related deaths per 100,000 women in the world. In India, alone, there were 8,233 dowry deaths in 2012.
Reasons for Outcomes
Still growing
First birth
Inadequate prenatal care
Low socioeconomic status

22. Child Marriage and Rank on Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: 1) A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; 2) Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (one-third weight); and 3) A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (in PPP US$). The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the sixth decimal point.

23. Reasons: Why Does Child Marriage Persist?
Gender roles
Families see girls as financial and social burdens
Lack of socially acceptable alternatives for girls
Family and community honor tied to early marriage
Reinforce ties between families and communities
Desire to protect girls
Lack of political will
Cultural norm
If there are laws, and if the world is aware of the extent of the problem, then why does it persist?

24. Conclusions
-Just like the HDI, the GDI and GEM divide countries into high, medium, and low areas of development.
--Gender inequality in income, education, and political power is a global problem.